Have humans truly domesticated the honey bee? In this Bee Science Short, Dr. Dewey Caron looks at that question through the history of honey bee breeding and the growing interest in locally adapted stock.
Dewey explains that honey bees don't fit neatly into the same domestication category as cattle, chickens, or dogs. Managed colonies can swarm and survive as feral populations, yet generations of beekeepers have clearly selected for traits such as gentleness, hygienic behavior, productivity, and appearance.
He then traces changes in bee breeding from imported Italian bees and early queen-rearing systems to hybrid lines and today's commercial queen industry.
A major focus is genetic diversity and genotype-environment interaction: the idea that bee stock adapted to one environment may perform differently somewhere else. Dewey reviews COLOSS research in Europe in which locally adapted colonies showed better survival, strength, and productivity than non-local stock under the conditions tested. BSD-11 - Domestication
He closes with examples of U.S. efforts to maintain or develop locally adapted, mite-resistant, and survivor stock — and leaves beekeepers with an ongoing question: should we continue moving selected genetics widely, or place greater emphasis on bees adapted to local conditions?
Notes and references:
Cobey, Susan, W.S, Sheppard and Dave Tarpy, 2011. Status of Breeding Practices and Genetic Diversity in Domestic U.S. Honey Bees. IN Honey Bee Colony Health, Chapter 4. CRC (Routledge).
Meixner, M. D., Büchler, R., Costa, C., Francis, R., Hatjina, F., Kryger, P., Uzunov, A. & Carreck, N. L. (2014) Honey bee genotypes and the environment, Journal of Apicultural Research, 53:2,183–187, https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.01. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3896/
Meixner, M.D., Büchler, R., Costa, C., Andonov, S., Bienkowska, M., Bouga, M., Filipi, J.,Hatjina, F., Ivanova, E., Kezic, N., Kryger, P., Le Conte, Y., Panasiuk, B., Petrov, P., Ruottinen, L., Uzunov, A., Wilde, J. (2015) Looking for “the Best Bee”. An experiment about interactions between origin and environment of honey bee strains in Europe. Amer. Bee J, June 663–666. https://bluetoad.com/publication/?m=5417&i=257867&p=66&ver=html5
Büchler, R., Uzunov, A., Costa, C., Meixner, M., Le Conte, Y., Mondet, F., Kovačić, M., Andonov, S., Carreck, N.L., Dimitrov, L., Basso, B., Bienkowska, M., Dall’Olio, R., Hatjina, F., Wirtz, U. (2022) EurBeST—a pilot study testing varroa resistant bees under commercial beekeeping conditions. American Bee Journal 162(2):213. https://doi.org/10.2762/470707. https://bluetoad.com/publication/?m=541
Cecilia Costa, Marina Meixner, Norman Carreck, Aleksandar Uzunov and Ralph Büchler 2025. Sustainable Honey Bee Breeding: A Scientific Guide for Future Beekeeping. Springer
Thomas D. Seeley, David R. TARPY, Sean R. Griffin, Angela Carcione and Deborah A. Delaney. 2015. A survivor population of wild colonies of European honeybees in the northeastern United States: investigating its genetic. Apidologie (2015) 46:654–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0355-0
Sustainable Beekeepers Guild of Michigan https://sbgmi.org/queenportal
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