The Honey Bee and Climate Change with Dr. Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman (406)

WEBVTT

00:00:00.640 --> 00:00:04.720
Hi, this is John and Corey Rose from Columbus, Ohio.

00:00:04.720 --> 00:00:06.160
Welcome to the Beekeeping Podcast.

00:00:06.320 --> 00:00:06.720
Beekeeping

00:00:06.880 --> 00:00:07.920
Today podcast.

00:00:07.920 --> 00:00:08.080
What

00:00:08.240 --> 00:00:08.320
she

00:00:08.560 --> 00:00:09.280
said.

00:00:09.500 --> 00:00:12.700
Welcome to Beekeeping Today podcast presented by Better

00:00:12.860 --> 00:00:13.420
Bee, your

00:00:13.580 --> 00:00:16.939
source for beekeeping news, information, and entertainment.

00:00:16.939 --> 00:00:18.140
I'm Jeff Ott.

00:00:18.140 --> 00:00:19.660
And I'm Becky Masterman.

00:00:19.660 --> 00:00:23.580
Today's episode is brought to you by the bee nutrition superheroes at Global.

00:00:24.020 --> 00:00:32.099
Patties, family operated and buzzing with passion, Global Patties crafts protein-packed patties that'll turn your hives into powerhouse production.

00:00:32.099 --> 00:00:37.700
Picture this: strong colonies, booming brood, and honey flowing like a sweet river.

00:00:37.700 --> 00:00:38.660
It's super protein.

00:00:39.100 --> 00:00:41.180
for your bees and they love it.

00:00:41.180 --> 00:00:43.100
Check out their buffet of patties

00:00:43.340 --> 00:00:44.220
tailor-made

00:00:44.380 --> 00:00:46.860
for your bees in your specific area.

00:00:46.860 --> 00:00:48.860
Head over to www.

00:00:49.100 --> 00:00:50.460
globalpatties.

00:00:50.460 --> 00:00:53.260
com and give your bees the nutrition they deserve.

00:00:53.780 --> 00:00:55.300
Hey, a quick shout out to Better

00:00:55.460 --> 00:00:57.060
Bee and all of our sponsors

00:00:57.220 --> 00:01:03.380
whose support allows us to bring you this podcast each week without resorting to a fee-based subscription.

00:01:03.380 --> 00:01:06.100
We don't want that and we know you don't either.

00:01:06.100 --> 00:01:08.580
Be sure to check out all of our content on the website.

00:01:08.939 --> 00:01:09.579
website.

00:01:09.579 --> 00:01:20.619
There, you can read up on all of our guests, read our blog on the various aspects and observations about beekeeping, search for, download, and listen to over 300 past episodes, read episode

00:01:20.860 --> 00:01:23.659
transcripts, leave comments and feedback on each episode.

00:01:24.340 --> 00:01:27.619
and check on podcast specials from our sponsors.

00:01:27.619 --> 00:01:30.500
You can find it all at www.

00:01:30.500 --> 00:01:32.020
beekeepingtoday.

00:01:32.020 --> 00:01:33.140
com.

00:01:33.140 --> 00:01:38.659
Thank you, John and Corey, for that wonderful opening from the North American Honey Bee Expo.

00:01:38.580 --> 00:01:38.660
John

00:01:38.820 --> 00:01:40.260
Corey from Columbus, Ohio.

00:01:40.260 --> 00:01:41.940
That's a nice area, Becky.

00:01:41.940 --> 00:01:42.900
It is lovely.

00:01:42.900 --> 00:01:43.860
I did some

00:01:44.180 --> 00:01:44.340
of

00:01:44.660 --> 00:01:44.980
my

00:01:45.140 --> 00:01:48.180
research for my graduate school.

00:01:48.040 --> 00:01:48.200
work

00:01:48.520 --> 00:01:50.440
at the Ohio State University.

00:01:50.760 --> 00:01:51.000
So

00:01:51.160 --> 00:01:52.360
I was at the Rotten

00:01:52.520 --> 00:01:52.840
Bueller

00:01:53.160 --> 00:01:53.320
B

00:01:53.480 --> 00:01:53.720
lab

00:01:54.360 --> 00:01:55.240
way back

00:01:55.400 --> 00:01:56.760
in the Wayback Machine.

00:01:56.760 --> 00:01:57.960
But it was lovely then.

00:01:57.960 --> 00:01:58.840
Was it still a B

00:01:59.000 --> 00:01:59.160
lab

00:01:59.320 --> 00:01:59.960
then?

00:01:59.700 --> 00:02:01.219
It was 100% a bee lab

00:02:01.380 --> 00:02:01.860
then.

00:02:01.860 --> 00:02:02.420
Jim has

00:02:02.579 --> 00:02:05.140
said it's no longer dedicated to bees.

00:02:05.140 --> 00:02:08.580
It still has the name, but it's not dedicated to bees.

00:02:08.200 --> 00:02:08.840
Yeah, yeah.

00:02:08.840 --> 00:02:10.119
Oh, for sure it was a bee lab

00:02:10.280 --> 00:02:10.520
then.

00:02:10.520 --> 00:02:11.400
It had a bee Lab

00:02:11.720 --> 00:02:12.680
professor and

00:02:12.840 --> 00:02:14.840
graduate students and postdocs.

00:02:14.840 --> 00:02:16.599
It was it was very functional.

00:02:16.599 --> 00:02:18.280
It's teaming with bee people.

00:02:18.280 --> 00:02:20.120
Teaming with Bees and bee people.

00:02:20.120 --> 00:02:20.280
So

00:02:20.760 --> 00:02:21.400
wonderful.

00:02:21.400 --> 00:02:21.959
Yes

00:02:21.900 --> 00:02:24.379
I can't believe we're sitting in October.

00:02:24.379 --> 00:02:27.739
It seems like we were just, well, John and Corey are sitting there in January.

00:02:27.739 --> 00:02:29.260
We're sitting here in October.

00:02:29.260 --> 00:02:29.739
This year is

00:02:29.900 --> 00:02:31.180
zooming by.

00:02:31.060 --> 00:02:32.420
It is zooming by.

00:02:32.420 --> 00:02:33.540
The honey's pulled.

00:02:33.540 --> 00:02:34.579
It's being bottled

00:02:34.900 --> 00:02:36.659
as we speak, right?

00:02:36.659 --> 00:02:37.140
Yeah.

00:02:37.140 --> 00:02:37.379
Yeah.

00:02:37.939 --> 00:02:40.659
And we're planning for next year already.

00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:42.480
How was your honey production this year?

00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:44.319
Well honey production was great.

00:02:44.319 --> 00:02:45.519
Bees were great.

00:02:45.519 --> 00:02:47.840
I don't have a final number on

00:02:48.079 --> 00:02:49.280
anything.

00:02:49.320 --> 00:02:49.640
But

00:02:50.120 --> 00:02:52.120
I have a lot of honey, so

00:02:52.280 --> 00:02:52.840
it's

00:02:53.000 --> 00:02:53.160
it

00:02:53.400 --> 00:02:56.680
surpassed the year before, which is good.

00:02:56.680 --> 00:02:58.120
I can't really say

00:02:58.440 --> 00:02:58.760
on

00:02:58.920 --> 00:03:03.960
recorded lines how much honey I have, but I do have a lot.

00:03:03.980 --> 00:03:06.460
I'm in no danger of running out of honey.

00:03:06.460 --> 00:03:06.780
There are

00:03:07.260 --> 00:03:11.180
I'm not quite going to barrels yet, but boy do I have buckets.

00:03:11.180 --> 00:03:11.500
And

00:03:11.680 --> 00:03:12.880
Boy am I ready to go to space.

00:03:13.520 --> 00:03:15.440
How's your kitchen looking these days?

00:03:15.440 --> 00:03:17.520
Oh, luckily we have a shed for them.

00:03:17.600 --> 00:03:18.160
Oh very good.

00:03:18.160 --> 00:03:19.600
And I've got the lovely

00:03:19.760 --> 00:03:20.000
I love

00:03:20.320 --> 00:03:22.480
I've got the lovely bucket or the

00:03:22.640 --> 00:03:26.320
the honey incubator from Hillco.

00:03:25.740 --> 00:03:33.900
This is not a paid segment, but it's so nice to be able to let my buckets crystallize and then to be able to liquefy them using that incubator.

00:03:33.860 --> 00:03:36.819
How long have you found that it takes to liquefy

00:03:37.060 --> 00:03:38.900
semi-granular honey

00:03:39.060 --> 00:03:39.300
or

00:03:39.780 --> 00:03:41.220
It's a few days.

00:03:41.220 --> 00:03:45.060
So yeah, I think I'm not I'm not running it hot enough to get super fast

00:03:45.300 --> 00:03:46.340
results, but

00:03:46.920 --> 00:03:48.040
It's just lovely.

00:03:48.040 --> 00:03:48.360
It's uh

00:03:48.520 --> 00:03:49.400
it's part of my

00:03:49.640 --> 00:03:50.120
kitchen

00:03:50.280 --> 00:03:52.200
and so I'm able to

00:03:52.360 --> 00:03:54.120
to bottle I use

00:03:54.340 --> 00:03:56.180
to have to be really careful about bottling

00:03:56.340 --> 00:03:58.580
like gallon jugs or three pound jugs.

00:03:58.580 --> 00:04:02.020
And so now I can do that and if they start to granulate, I just

00:04:02.180 --> 00:04:03.460
I can put them in there

00:04:03.700 --> 00:04:04.020
and

00:04:04.240 --> 00:04:04.400
set

00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:08.400
it and not forget it, but just let it do its job.

00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:10.480
I think I might use it more than my stove.

00:04:10.480 --> 00:04:12.000
I don't know what that means.

00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:12.400
Well it's

00:04:12.720 --> 00:04:14.240
certain times of the year perhaps.

00:04:14.240 --> 00:04:14.800
I started

00:04:14.960 --> 00:04:18.560
long ago, years ago, I used to use the band heaters on the five gallon

00:04:18.720 --> 00:04:19.680
Buckets.

00:04:19.680 --> 00:04:22.960
And I found out that you can melt buckets with those bands.

00:04:22.960 --> 00:04:23.360
So it's

00:04:23.759 --> 00:04:24.320
sugar.

00:04:24.880 --> 00:04:25.199
So just

00:04:25.520 --> 00:04:26.400
not a good luck.

00:04:26.400 --> 00:04:27.919
Use them with caution.

00:04:27.660 --> 00:04:30.380
I like how precise the incubator is.

00:04:30.380 --> 00:04:34.380
I just it and the sizing of the fact that a bucket fits in that.

00:04:34.380 --> 00:04:36.860
When I saw that I knew that it was on my wish

00:04:37.020 --> 00:04:37.260
list

00:04:37.420 --> 00:04:37.740
and

00:04:37.860 --> 00:04:40.420
I'm not regretting that purchase one bit.

00:04:40.420 --> 00:04:41.380
Very good.

00:04:41.380 --> 00:04:45.700
John at Hilco, we'll be sending you a bill for that advertisement.

00:04:47.240 --> 00:04:48.520
I paid full price

00:04:48.680 --> 00:04:49.400
too.

00:04:49.720 --> 00:04:50.200
No.

00:04:50.200 --> 00:04:51.240
But that's the thing, is

00:04:51.400 --> 00:04:54.360
like there are things out there, Jeff, that you buy and they just

00:04:54.520 --> 00:04:56.760
they're life changers as far as how much

00:04:57.080 --> 00:04:59.320
I mean, I have a we could do a whole episode I think

00:04:59.480 --> 00:05:00.120
on them

00:05:00.240 --> 00:05:01.280
But it's just there are

00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:03.920
there are just pieces of equipment that just make

00:05:04.080 --> 00:05:05.200
beekeeping

00:05:05.360 --> 00:05:06.640
a little bit more

00:05:06.800 --> 00:05:10.000
manageable when you're when you're doing uh multiple tasks

00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:10.560
and

00:05:10.800 --> 00:05:11.440
you need

00:05:11.860 --> 00:05:12.260
I don't know.

00:05:12.260 --> 00:05:12.340
I

00:05:12.500 --> 00:05:15.940
I just I yeah, I can name a few hey, I think that's gonna be my next B

00:05:16.100 --> 00:05:18.180
Culture article, so we can't talk about it.

00:05:18.180 --> 00:05:18.660
'Cause I just

00:05:18.820 --> 00:05:21.780
I just thought of like five things in my head of things that I love.

00:05:21.780 --> 00:05:23.540
So I bet I could get five more.

00:05:23.540 --> 00:05:24.260
Anyway.

00:05:24.260 --> 00:05:26.420
You can read ahead.

00:05:25.660 --> 00:05:27.980
In a couple months, Becky's next issue

00:05:28.140 --> 00:05:31.820
in Bee Culture magazine, which is a fantastic magazine that you write for.

00:05:31.820 --> 00:05:33.020
Oh, isn't it perfect?

00:05:33.020 --> 00:05:33.980
Because it's going to be

00:05:34.220 --> 00:05:34.780
oh this is

00:05:34.940 --> 00:05:37.100
this is all working out perfectly for my

00:05:37.340 --> 00:05:38.460
for my writing career.

00:05:39.260 --> 00:05:40.940
A sneak peek to future

00:05:41.180 --> 00:05:42.540
future articles.

00:05:42.540 --> 00:05:45.020
Well speaking of warmth and heat

00:05:45.260 --> 00:05:46.300
and honey

00:05:46.820 --> 00:05:51.380
That leads us right to today's question from a listener for our Hive

00:05:51.540 --> 00:05:52.100
IQ

00:05:52.660 --> 00:05:53.140
tool

00:05:53.380 --> 00:05:53.700
question

00:05:53.860 --> 00:05:55.060
of the week.

00:05:55.060 --> 00:05:55.700
It is John

00:05:55.940 --> 00:05:56.740
Jensen.

00:05:56.740 --> 00:05:59.060
So thank you, John, for the question.

00:05:58.940 --> 00:05:59.100
John

00:05:59.260 --> 00:05:59.900
's a newer

00:06:00.060 --> 00:06:01.820
beekeeper, or he says

00:06:01.980 --> 00:06:04.780
fairly new, that could mean a lot of things, right?

00:06:04.780 --> 00:06:04.940
But

00:06:05.100 --> 00:06:05.420
newer

00:06:05.580 --> 00:06:11.100
beekeeper and he was wondering if we knew anything about the Varroa mite treatment that's called a B

00:06:11.420 --> 00:06:11.980
sauna

00:06:12.420 --> 00:06:15.060
And or if we could point him to anything.

00:06:15.060 --> 00:06:17.540
Oh, John, I'm gonna lecture.

00:06:17.540 --> 00:06:17.620
It

00:06:17.780 --> 00:06:19.140
I'll keep it brief.

00:06:19.460 --> 00:06:19.860
Maybe

00:06:20.180 --> 00:06:21.780
Jeff, you're nicer than I am.

00:06:21.780 --> 00:06:25.540
Maybe do you want to start this one out and then I'll just follow with a stern

00:06:26.120 --> 00:06:27.080
recommendation.

00:06:27.400 --> 00:06:31.720
If you've listened to the show enough, you know I like technology and I like gadgets.

00:06:31.720 --> 00:06:35.639
I'm always on the bleeding edge of things, but I would say

00:06:36.220 --> 00:06:36.460
that

00:06:36.780 --> 00:06:37.419
until

00:06:37.740 --> 00:06:38.380
there is

00:06:39.020 --> 00:06:39.340
more

00:06:39.979 --> 00:06:42.540
research into the use of the

00:06:42.780 --> 00:06:45.180
heating devices as claimed by the B

00:06:45.419 --> 00:06:47.180
sauna, then I would

00:06:47.360 --> 00:06:48.880
You know, use it at your own risk

00:06:49.120 --> 00:06:50.480
and I would be hesitant.

00:06:50.480 --> 00:06:52.240
I'd put my money into something else

00:06:52.400 --> 00:06:53.040
before I'd

00:06:53.200 --> 00:06:54.400
put money into that.

00:06:54.400 --> 00:06:54.800
Okay, well

00:06:55.040 --> 00:06:57.600
maybe I don't have to be the heavy on this one, really, Jeff.

00:06:57.600 --> 00:06:58.400
No, I'm kidding.

00:06:58.400 --> 00:06:59.520
Please go.

00:06:59.940 --> 00:07:00.340
Uh we

00:07:00.580 --> 00:07:03.460
really do point to the Honey Bee Health Coalition for

00:07:03.620 --> 00:07:04.660
for Varroa

00:07:05.140 --> 00:07:07.300
guidance for treatments.

00:07:07.300 --> 00:07:10.340
I think the concern is you don't want to hurt your bees.

00:07:10.340 --> 00:07:10.660
And

00:07:10.760 --> 00:07:13.640
And there are two things that could impact your bees.

00:07:13.640 --> 00:07:13.720
You

00:07:13.880 --> 00:07:17.480
if there's not a peer reviewed study on a technique, even though I

00:07:17.720 --> 00:07:18.360
understand

00:07:18.840 --> 00:07:22.760
heating of the bees is something that beekeepers have been working on for quite a long time.

00:07:22.760 --> 00:07:25.080
I know that at the University of Minnesota they were working on it.

00:07:25.080 --> 00:07:25.320
They did

00:07:25.480 --> 00:07:27.160
to get the Varroa down.

00:07:27.060 --> 00:07:28.340
They didn't quite get there.

00:07:28.340 --> 00:07:35.780
I'm worried about it hurting the bees or hurting the bees because you're putting a mitigation method out there that isn't effective.

00:07:35.780 --> 00:07:36.340
And so

00:07:36.500 --> 00:07:38.419
I just think we need to be careful.

00:07:38.419 --> 00:07:40.099
Sometimes we don't understand.

00:07:40.099 --> 00:07:41.379
Remember our conversation with

00:07:41.620 --> 00:07:43.300
our USDA team and

00:07:43.460 --> 00:07:44.020
Tucson

00:07:44.180 --> 00:07:45.060
where they were talking about

00:07:45.220 --> 00:07:47.940
the impacts of nutrition, you could follow it two down

00:07:48.099 --> 00:07:49.220
two months down the road.

00:07:49.220 --> 00:07:51.300
You have to or you have to go back two months to

00:07:51.460 --> 00:07:51.699
to

00:07:51.940 --> 00:07:54.900
understand what impact nutrition had on the colony.

00:07:54.900 --> 00:07:57.940
Same thing for some of these treatments, is that the reason why

00:07:57.760 --> 00:08:02.240
or an actual study is really nice that follows a colony longitudinally

00:08:02.400 --> 00:08:04.320
to see what the impact is, is because

00:08:04.560 --> 00:08:05.840
it could impact

00:08:06.060 --> 00:08:10.060
a physiology of the nurse bees and you could end up with

00:08:10.380 --> 00:08:15.419
worker bees who might not be as robust as you need in order to get through a winter.

00:08:15.419 --> 00:08:16.620
I don't know that's true

00:08:16.780 --> 00:08:18.060
and but that's part of the problem

00:08:18.220 --> 00:08:19.979
is that if you don't know that

00:08:19.940 --> 00:08:23.300
that it's a hundred percent safe, not just right away, but long

00:08:23.460 --> 00:08:24.020
term.

00:08:24.020 --> 00:08:24.420
I

00:08:24.660 --> 00:08:24.980
I think

00:08:25.140 --> 00:08:26.900
exercising caution is a good idea.

00:08:26.900 --> 00:08:28.260
And when you say longitudinal

00:08:28.420 --> 00:08:29.620
study, what does that mean?

00:08:29.620 --> 00:08:31.060
Over a period of time?

00:08:30.760 --> 00:08:32.760
So you're going over a period of time.

00:08:32.760 --> 00:08:34.760
So a lot of a lot of studies will

00:08:35.080 --> 00:08:35.640
look at

00:08:36.120 --> 00:08:36.680
colonies

00:08:36.840 --> 00:08:37.800
and you

00:08:38.039 --> 00:08:38.840
you might

00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:39.519
look

00:08:39.760 --> 00:08:43.680
at a treatment but then follow it for a while and f and

00:08:44.000 --> 00:08:44.320
see

00:08:44.480 --> 00:08:45.040
what the long

00:08:45.200 --> 00:08:47.200
term impacts were of that treatment.

00:08:47.200 --> 00:08:48.959
And one last thing I'd say about this

00:08:49.200 --> 00:08:52.000
is that the time it takes to treat a colony

00:08:52.259 --> 00:08:53.940
If you had multiple colonies, it

00:08:54.100 --> 00:08:54.339
just

00:08:54.500 --> 00:08:54.819
time

00:08:54.980 --> 00:08:55.940
prohibited.

00:08:55.940 --> 00:08:56.660
It's just

00:08:57.139 --> 00:08:58.660
it'd take too long to do a c

00:08:58.980 --> 00:09:00.100
a yard of bees, uh

00:09:00.259 --> 00:09:01.459
heating them up like that.

00:09:01.459 --> 00:09:01.779
So

00:09:01.959 --> 00:09:03.720
And I'm just gonna say one more thing.

00:09:03.720 --> 00:09:05.000
If there's a study out there

00:09:05.160 --> 00:09:07.640
or they're going to do a study, fantastic.

00:09:07.640 --> 00:09:10.200
We need more ways to mitigate mite levels.

00:09:10.200 --> 00:09:10.519
So

00:09:10.500 --> 00:09:12.580
So I'm all for it being effective

00:09:12.740 --> 00:09:15.700
and maybe they're right now looking at a SAR

00:09:15.860 --> 00:09:17.860
grant for funding to study it, but

00:09:18.020 --> 00:09:19.380
so I'm all about

00:09:19.720 --> 00:09:24.920
looking at those methods because we need fewer chemicals in the colony too, but it's a little confusing

00:09:25.080 --> 00:09:26.360
to know what to do.

00:09:26.440 --> 00:09:27.960
Thank you, John, for that question.

00:09:27.960 --> 00:09:30.760
Sorry we didn't have a glowing answer and sorry, B

00:09:30.920 --> 00:09:31.160
sauna

00:09:31.400 --> 00:09:32.760
folks, for the non

00:09:33.040 --> 00:09:34.880
supporting answer, but um

00:09:35.040 --> 00:09:40.320
you know, I think it's important to realize the limitations of some new things that come out in the market.

00:09:40.320 --> 00:09:41.519
And thanks for trying

00:09:41.680 --> 00:09:46.320
and I'm hoping that there's some good data coming out soon

00:09:46.459 --> 00:09:50.700
But get on to the Honey Bee Health Coalition's Varroa Management Guide

00:09:50.860 --> 00:09:57.899
if you want to look at the different kinds of controls out there and then their efficacy levels.

00:09:57.740 --> 00:09:58.780
I probably have

00:09:58.940 --> 00:10:02.220
Honey Bee Health Coalition tattooed on my forehead because I t

00:10:02.380 --> 00:10:03.900
I refer to it all the time.

00:10:03.900 --> 00:10:08.220
The nutrition guide, the Varroa Management Guide, I feel like we really are.

00:10:08.040 --> 00:10:08.680
We're really

00:10:08.839 --> 00:10:09.640
we're repping

00:10:09.800 --> 00:10:10.279
them.

00:10:10.920 --> 00:10:11.959
Well, we're fortunate that there

00:10:12.120 --> 00:10:13.480
that work is out there and available

00:10:13.640 --> 00:10:14.839
freely available.

00:10:14.839 --> 00:10:15.320
So uh

00:10:15.480 --> 00:10:15.800
folks

00:10:15.959 --> 00:10:16.200
and

00:10:16.280 --> 00:10:17.720
Honey Bee Health Coalition.

00:10:17.720 --> 00:10:20.440
Speaking of research, and you mentioned Tucson

00:10:20.600 --> 00:10:22.120
a couple weeks ago we had the Tucson

00:10:22.280 --> 00:10:23.080
lab on.

00:10:23.080 --> 00:10:26.920
We have the former research director for the Tucson

00:10:27.160 --> 00:10:27.560
lab.

00:10:27.740 --> 00:10:29.340
Up next is a guest, Dr.

00:10:29.340 --> 00:10:30.220
Gloria de Grande

00:10:30.380 --> 00:10:31.180
Hoffman.

00:10:31.180 --> 00:10:35.180
We're going to talk about her new book, Climate Change and honey bees

00:10:36.580 --> 00:10:36.899
For

00:10:37.140 --> 00:10:48.339
more than 45 years, Betterbee has proudly supported beekeepers by offering high-quality, innovative products, providing outstanding customer service.

00:10:48.339 --> 00:10:50.260
Many of our staff are beekeepers themselves.

00:10:50.459 --> 00:10:51.899
themselves, and

00:10:52.060 --> 00:10:55.820
sharing education to help beekeepers succeed.

00:10:55.820 --> 00:10:58.620
Based in Greenwich, New York, Better

00:10:58.779 --> 00:11:02.540
Bee serves beekeepers all across the United States.

00:11:02.540 --> 00:11:05.019
Whether you're just getting started or

00:11:05.540 --> 00:11:10.580
a seasoned pro, Betterbee has the products and experience to help you

00:11:10.899 --> 00:11:11.940
and your bees

00:11:12.100 --> 00:11:13.220
succeed.

00:11:13.220 --> 00:11:15.060
Visit betterbee.

00:11:15.060 --> 00:11:15.380
com

00:11:15.700 --> 00:11:17.779
or call 1-800

00:11:17.940 --> 00:11:20.180
-632-336.

00:11:25.260 --> 00:11:26.779
Hey everybody, welcome back.

00:11:26.779 --> 00:11:31.100
Sitting around this great big virtual beekeeping today podcast table.

00:11:31.100 --> 00:11:31.740
We have

00:11:31.900 --> 00:11:32.300
Dr.

00:11:32.300 --> 00:11:32.540
Gloria

00:11:32.700 --> 00:11:35.180
DeGrandi-Hoffman in Tucson, Arizona.

00:11:35.180 --> 00:11:36.140
Becky's in St.

00:11:36.140 --> 00:11:36.940
Paul, Minnesota.

00:11:36.940 --> 00:11:38.460
I'm here in Olympia.

00:11:38.460 --> 00:11:41.500
Gloria, welcome back to the podcast.

00:11:41.500 --> 00:11:43.900
Thank you for asking me to come back.

00:11:43.839 --> 00:11:44.880
Oh, you have

00:11:45.199 --> 00:11:47.440
so much great information to share.

00:11:47.440 --> 00:11:48.639
So we are delighted.

00:11:48.639 --> 00:11:49.600
Hopefully this you'll

00:11:49.759 --> 00:11:52.560
it well we won't have such a big gap in between visits this

00:11:53.020 --> 00:11:54.460
Between this time and the next.

00:11:54.780 --> 00:11:58.620
Yeah, last time you were on it was back in September of 2021.

00:11:58.620 --> 00:11:59.100
We're just

00:11:59.260 --> 00:12:00.620
were we still in COVID then?

00:12:00.620 --> 00:12:01.020
I don't know.

00:12:01.020 --> 00:12:01.980
The things were really just

00:12:02.140 --> 00:12:03.500
everything was all over the place.

00:12:03.500 --> 00:12:05.180
You were still at the bee Lab.

00:12:05.339 --> 00:12:05.740
Tucson

00:12:05.899 --> 00:12:06.540
Bee Lab.

00:12:06.540 --> 00:12:13.100
For our listeners who don't know you and don't recognize your name, can you tell us a little bit about yourself and how you got started with bees

00:12:13.259 --> 00:12:13.579
and

00:12:13.740 --> 00:12:15.660
what led you to today?

00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:16.560
All in two minutes.

00:12:16.880 --> 00:12:17.200
I was gonna

00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:17.600
cover

00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:20.960
I'll give you the elevator talk of my life.

00:12:20.960 --> 00:12:22.880
That's not a problem.

00:12:22.880 --> 00:12:23.120
I w

00:12:23.280 --> 00:12:24.800
I was uh born in

00:12:25.200 --> 00:12:25.440
uh

00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:25.760
uh

00:12:25.920 --> 00:12:28.640
outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

00:12:28.560 --> 00:12:31.680
So I'm an East Coast transplant out here to the west.

00:12:31.680 --> 00:12:33.360
Like everyone in my family

00:12:33.520 --> 00:12:35.520
and actually, you know, my husband's as well.

00:12:35.520 --> 00:12:36.160
We're all Penn

00:12:36.280 --> 00:12:36.760
Penn Stater.

00:12:36.760 --> 00:12:37.720
So I went to Penn State

00:12:37.880 --> 00:12:40.520
and majored in biology and you know even as a

00:12:40.680 --> 00:12:41.240
as a you know

00:12:41.400 --> 00:12:43.560
little kid, I li I really liked insects.

00:12:43.560 --> 00:12:45.640
My parents moved when I was little

00:12:45.800 --> 00:12:46.280
to uh

00:12:46.440 --> 00:12:47.800
out of the city

00:12:47.660 --> 00:12:51.740
and into the suburbs that were actually farm area back in those days.

00:12:51.740 --> 00:12:54.060
And they were breaking them up and building subdivisions.

00:12:54.060 --> 00:12:54.220
This is

00:12:54.380 --> 00:12:55.420
in the sixties, you know.

00:12:55.500 --> 00:12:56.460
A lot of that was going on

00:12:56.800 --> 00:12:56.959
So

00:12:57.120 --> 00:12:59.680
there are fields everywhere and insects everywhere

00:12:59.920 --> 00:13:02.640
and uh I like to be outdoors and uh you know

00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:03.120
love

00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:04.959
the insects, watching them.

00:13:04.959 --> 00:13:07.760
So I went to Penn State, majored in biology

00:13:07.920 --> 00:13:08.480
and then

00:13:08.920 --> 00:13:12.360
got a master's there in entomology, got a PhD

00:13:12.600 --> 00:13:13.160
in um

00:13:13.399 --> 00:13:15.880
entomology from Michigan State afterwards.

00:13:15.880 --> 00:13:16.279
And so

00:13:16.600 --> 00:13:19.880
very fortunate to, you know, be educated at land

00:13:20.040 --> 00:13:21.720
grant universities, pioneer land

00:13:21.880 --> 00:13:23.079
grant universities.

00:13:23.079 --> 00:13:23.480
Uh

00:13:23.459 --> 00:13:23.540
which

00:13:23.700 --> 00:13:26.899
matched my, you know, passion for agriculture and

00:13:27.060 --> 00:13:27.380
got

00:13:27.540 --> 00:13:32.180
great education at both places, had tremendous advisors, uh Claire Collison

00:13:32.420 --> 00:13:35.459
over at Penn State and uh Roger Hooping Gardner

00:13:35.620 --> 00:13:37.220
at Michigan State

00:13:37.040 --> 00:13:37.279
So

00:13:37.519 --> 00:13:38.160
from uh

00:13:38.399 --> 00:13:39.040
there, uh

00:13:39.200 --> 00:13:42.959
when I went, you know, back to get my masters and PhD and everything

00:13:43.120 --> 00:13:44.800
I got interested in honey bees

00:13:44.759 --> 00:13:45.800
and just, you know, have

00:13:45.959 --> 00:13:46.040
have

00:13:46.199 --> 00:13:47.639
never lost my fascination.

00:13:47.639 --> 00:13:48.920
I love all insects.

00:13:48.920 --> 00:13:50.839
I think all of them are fascinating.

00:13:50.839 --> 00:13:54.519
But honey bees are just, you know, amazing and so

00:13:54.700 --> 00:13:55.180
And it would

00:13:55.340 --> 00:13:57.660
and it enabled me to fuse also another interest

00:13:57.820 --> 00:13:59.260
I have in mathematics.

00:13:59.260 --> 00:14:00.220
I like uh

00:14:00.540 --> 00:14:01.020
to uh

00:14:01.180 --> 00:14:03.100
build mathematical models

00:14:03.040 --> 00:14:03.839
to explain things.

00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.880
Uh I'm not a reductionist, I'm kinda holistic.

00:14:06.880 --> 00:14:10.080
I want to see the whole system and figure out how it works.

00:14:10.080 --> 00:14:10.640
And so

00:14:10.839 --> 00:14:13.800
Bees and colonies really lend themselves to that.

00:14:13.800 --> 00:14:14.120
You can

00:14:14.360 --> 00:14:16.839
you know you can do a lot of fun math with them.

00:14:16.839 --> 00:14:19.560
So anyway, I got this job over at the Tucson

00:14:19.800 --> 00:14:20.360
Bee Lab

00:14:20.740 --> 00:14:22.740
Which was a dream job for me

00:14:22.900 --> 00:14:26.500
and spent my entire career there, thirty-nine years, at the Tucson

00:14:26.660 --> 00:14:27.300
B Lap.

00:14:27.300 --> 00:14:27.460
Loved

00:14:27.700 --> 00:14:28.420
loved it.

00:14:28.420 --> 00:14:30.100
Absolutely loved being a you know, a

00:14:30.340 --> 00:14:31.140
public servant

00:14:31.300 --> 00:14:31.940
and

00:14:32.140 --> 00:14:39.820
federal employee and working with the beekeeping community, agricultural community, and some of the best scientists on the planet

00:14:39.759 --> 00:14:43.199
Especially working with bees at ARS labs.

00:14:43.360 --> 00:14:45.759
We've definitely enjoyed the staff at the B

00:14:45.920 --> 00:14:46.160
Lab

00:14:46.399 --> 00:14:47.440
this year with Dr.

00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:47.920
Vanessa

00:14:48.160 --> 00:14:48.399
Colby

00:14:48.560 --> 00:14:50.399
Harris and Mark and Kirk.

00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:51.759
We've done a full B

00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:52.160
lab

00:14:55.620 --> 00:14:56.900
As we should.

00:14:57.380 --> 00:14:59.140
It's been a long time since you've been on.

00:14:59.140 --> 00:14:59.460
It's been

00:14:59.700 --> 00:15:00.260
several years.

00:15:01.460 --> 00:15:01.940
But what

00:15:02.440 --> 00:15:06.280
Brought me to your attention was the announcement that you have a new book coming out.

00:15:06.280 --> 00:15:08.280
And I said, Well, gee many Christmas we have.

00:15:08.280 --> 00:15:10.280
It's been so long since we've talked to Gloria

00:15:10.259 --> 00:15:11.779
It's a good excuse to have you back.

00:15:11.779 --> 00:15:14.740
So tell us a little bit about the book you wrote.

00:15:14.740 --> 00:15:15.220
It's titled

00:15:15.380 --> 00:15:17.540
The honey bee and Climate Change.

00:15:17.540 --> 00:15:20.420
And that's such a intriguing title.

00:15:20.420 --> 00:15:20.660
So

00:15:20.819 --> 00:15:22.740
why did you choose that?

00:15:22.560 --> 00:15:25.360
Towards the end of my time at the uh Tucson

00:15:25.520 --> 00:15:27.520
bee lab, I became increasingly

00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:30.320
alarmed at how climate change was

00:15:31.020 --> 00:15:31.180
really

00:15:31.420 --> 00:15:32.300
undermining the suc

00:15:32.460 --> 00:15:36.540
success of beekeepers and the survival of colonies.

00:15:36.540 --> 00:15:38.940
The more I looked into it, the more

00:15:39.100 --> 00:15:40.620
I could see that this

00:15:41.260 --> 00:15:44.540
was affecting every aspect of beekeep

00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:45.040
and

00:15:45.280 --> 00:15:47.840
some directly, some indirectly.

00:15:47.840 --> 00:15:48.480
And uh

00:15:48.640 --> 00:15:48.960
the

00:15:49.200 --> 00:15:49.440
my

00:15:49.680 --> 00:15:52.400
you know, awakening started one uh

00:15:52.560 --> 00:15:54.000
winter day when uh

00:15:54.160 --> 00:15:59.200
actually it was Christmas and I was talking to my sister who lives in Pennsylvania

00:15:59.420 --> 00:16:01.980
You know, she said, Oh, I'm sitting out here on the porch.

00:16:01.980 --> 00:16:04.060
It's beautiful outside here today.

00:16:04.060 --> 00:16:05.660
This was Christmas Day.

00:16:05.660 --> 00:16:06.220
And

00:16:06.459 --> 00:16:08.459
she and her husband live on a farm.

00:16:08.459 --> 00:16:09.899
They have bees.

00:16:09.899 --> 00:16:10.540
And so

00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:11.800
I said, really?

00:16:11.800 --> 00:16:12.360
I said, well how

00:16:12.520 --> 00:16:13.320
how are your bees?

00:16:13.320 --> 00:16:17.560
You know, oh they're right up here on the porch with me, you know, drinking water and such.

00:16:17.560 --> 00:16:18.520
And it was like, oh

00:16:18.680 --> 00:16:20.120
man, they shouldn't be on the porch

00:16:20.459 --> 00:16:22.220
Celebrating Christmas with you.

00:16:22.220 --> 00:16:22.459
Uh

00:16:22.860 --> 00:16:23.820
opening presentation.

00:16:25.899 --> 00:16:26.940
Anyhow.

00:16:30.779 --> 00:16:32.940
And it you know, I mean

00:16:33.040 --> 00:16:33.279
So

00:16:33.440 --> 00:16:34.080
what I

00:16:34.399 --> 00:16:34.720
did

00:16:34.959 --> 00:16:40.160
is, you know, I build models, I build population dynamic models, honey bee colonies, and such like that.

00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:40.800
And I thought

00:16:41.040 --> 00:16:43.440
Gee, I wonder what these temperatures do to colony

00:16:43.680 --> 00:16:47.360
population dynamics when you have, you know, winter days like this.

00:16:47.360 --> 00:16:55.760
So I pulled up the model and I, you know, put in some weather that uh where it was like it was in Pennsylvania and then ran it out.

00:16:55.040 --> 00:16:55.200
into

00:16:55.360 --> 00:16:55.920
the spring.

00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:56.080
You know

00:16:56.240 --> 00:16:59.040
where I had bees flying in December and everything.

00:16:59.040 --> 00:17:04.400
And those colonies, when they went through spring dwindling, they crashed.

00:17:04.419 --> 00:17:08.419
And it was like, oh my God, you know, and I went back and did some other things with it.

00:17:08.419 --> 00:17:08.900
And it was,

00:17:09.059 --> 00:17:11.539
it didn't matter if they had mites, if they had

00:17:12.360 --> 00:17:13.240
Fed well, uh

00:17:13.480 --> 00:17:14.679
just that flying

00:17:14.839 --> 00:17:19.399
and that change in the age structure that foraging causes

00:17:19.799 --> 00:17:19.880
it

00:17:20.039 --> 00:17:20.199
yet

00:17:20.360 --> 00:17:21.480
going into winter

00:17:21.639 --> 00:17:23.639
was enough to crash a colony

00:17:24.360 --> 00:17:29.320
So I thought, well, you know, and at that time too, I was also working on Varroa

00:17:29.720 --> 00:17:36.760
and looking at, you know, migration of Varroa into colonies, which was occurring a lot in the fall.

00:17:36.540 --> 00:17:37.980
I thought if we have these Morm

00:17:38.140 --> 00:17:40.540
Falls, that extends the time that

00:17:40.780 --> 00:17:44.060
Varroa can be migrating into these colonies.

00:17:44.060 --> 00:17:44.380
And

00:17:45.460 --> 00:17:48.020
infesting them before they go into winter.

00:17:48.020 --> 00:17:49.860
So there's two things going on here.

00:17:49.860 --> 00:17:52.980
There's corrupting the age structure of a colony

00:17:53.140 --> 00:17:57.140
because bees are flying longer, and then also infesting them with Varroa.

00:17:57.140 --> 00:17:57.860
No wonder we can't

00:17:58.020 --> 00:17:59.780
overwinter colonies.

00:17:59.720 --> 00:18:03.880
I've cited that paper so many times when talking to beekeepers.

00:18:03.880 --> 00:18:09.080
So just so you know, and I think I've written about it in bee culture, it is such valuable work

00:18:09.320 --> 00:18:09.640
because

00:18:10.120 --> 00:18:10.440
We

00:18:10.760 --> 00:18:11.400
now know

00:18:11.720 --> 00:18:13.240
so much about Varroa

00:18:13.400 --> 00:18:15.240
because of some work that you've done

00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:18.600
on the migration and then also coupling that with

00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:19.640
climate.

00:18:19.640 --> 00:18:19.960
So

00:18:20.419 --> 00:18:21.380
Thank you.

00:18:21.380 --> 00:18:22.740
Thank you so much.

00:18:22.740 --> 00:18:23.700
You're welcome.

00:18:23.700 --> 00:18:24.660
I mean it just was

00:18:24.900 --> 00:18:24.980
well

00:18:25.140 --> 00:18:25.539
what el

00:18:25.780 --> 00:18:27.140
what else is going wrong here

00:18:27.299 --> 00:18:27.700
because of

00:18:28.020 --> 00:18:29.860
climate change?

00:18:29.860 --> 00:18:31.460
And so, you know, I started

00:18:31.860 --> 00:18:35.060
you know, first of all I started reading more about climate change,

00:18:35.220 --> 00:18:36.020
you know, how

00:18:36.260 --> 00:18:36.580
I mean

00:18:36.740 --> 00:18:38.980
that the planet is heating up.

00:18:38.740 --> 00:18:39.140
And it

00:18:39.380 --> 00:18:39.540
is

00:18:39.860 --> 00:18:40.260
causing

00:18:40.500 --> 00:18:44.580
increased frequencies of heat waves and droughts and such and

00:18:44.820 --> 00:18:46.980
just started looking into, you know, work on

00:18:47.140 --> 00:18:52.820
on how this was affecting the nutrients in nectar and pollen, how it's affected flowering.

00:18:52.640 --> 00:18:55.840
Because that landscape in the spring and summer is

00:18:56.080 --> 00:18:58.640
really a foundation for overwintering success.

00:18:58.960 --> 00:19:01.200
You need a lot of nutrients coming into your colony

00:19:01.440 --> 00:19:02.560
so your populations

00:19:02.720 --> 00:19:04.000
can build.

00:19:03.919 --> 00:19:04.240
And

00:19:04.400 --> 00:19:04.559
to

00:19:04.799 --> 00:19:09.280
to do that you need this supply of nectar and pollen that has the full complement

00:19:09.440 --> 00:19:11.039
of nutrients in it.

00:19:11.039 --> 00:19:16.240
And high heat and water stress compromises the nutrients in

00:19:16.559 --> 00:19:18.559
in pollen and nectar.

00:19:18.460 --> 00:19:23.340
it also reduces them in that plants don't flower very well when they're under heat

00:19:23.580 --> 00:19:25.180
and water stress.

00:19:25.180 --> 00:19:26.220
The other, you know

00:19:26.440 --> 00:19:26.600
part

00:19:26.840 --> 00:19:34.519
about it is that colonies not only need to grow and to get into winter, they need to grow big enough to make drones.

00:19:34.679 --> 00:19:35.000
And

00:19:35.159 --> 00:19:41.559
i if colonies are just limping by and not making drones, if a colony replaces its queen and has to open

00:19:41.720 --> 00:19:42.600
mate.

00:19:42.540 --> 00:19:45.180
It's gonna have a hard time doing that.

00:19:45.180 --> 00:19:45.500
So it

00:19:45.660 --> 00:19:46.940
it sort of hits a c

00:19:47.100 --> 00:19:47.900
hits the colonies

00:19:48.060 --> 00:19:49.180
kind of coming and going

00:19:49.580 --> 00:19:53.820
in that you know your colony's limping along and it's not strong enough to make drones

00:19:54.240 --> 00:19:59.840
If it loses its queen and makes a new one, the queen may not mate very well.

00:19:59.840 --> 00:20:04.400
And so putting all these things together, it's like, why aren't we talking about this?

00:20:04.320 --> 00:20:08.320
all the time, every day, and why don't we do something, you know, uh

00:20:08.560 --> 00:20:09.680
about this?

00:20:09.680 --> 00:20:10.640
And so when

00:20:10.800 --> 00:20:14.720
Elsevier approached me and said, you know, would you be interested in writing a book like this?

00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:16.960
I said, you know, can I can I do it on

00:20:17.340 --> 00:20:18.940
honey bees and climate change, they said

00:20:19.100 --> 00:20:20.780
yeah, sure that sounds good and that's

00:20:21.260 --> 00:20:21.980
When you were on

00:20:22.140 --> 00:20:23.580
with Kim and me

00:20:23.980 --> 00:20:25.419
five years ago

00:20:25.160 --> 00:20:30.920
It was the first time I think I heard and perhaps I might have heard it before, but it's the first time it really stuck with me

00:20:31.080 --> 00:20:31.560
that the

00:20:31.720 --> 00:20:35.880
nutritional composition of fall pollen is different from the spring pollen

00:20:36.040 --> 00:20:36.360
because

00:20:36.460 --> 00:20:41.340
We as beekeepers learn pollen is pollen and yes it's part of bee bread, bees need it

00:20:41.500 --> 00:20:41.820
an important

00:20:42.060 --> 00:20:44.220
nutritional component of their diet

00:20:44.240 --> 00:20:53.920
But to actually learn, well, yes, but you might want to store your fall pollen separate from your spring pollen and feed it at that time of year because of the nutritional component

00:20:54.080 --> 00:20:55.040
makeup of that.

00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:55.840
It's like

00:20:55.940 --> 00:20:59.220
I remember that was just a like a lightning bolt moment.

00:20:59.220 --> 00:21:00.740
And how does that

00:21:01.139 --> 00:21:01.860
I mean that

00:21:02.100 --> 00:21:06.019
obviously has to play into what you're saying on if the climate is changing

00:21:06.179 --> 00:21:06.500
as

00:21:06.820 --> 00:21:10.420
different areas experience the climate change differently and things are flowering

00:21:10.580 --> 00:21:11.940
or not flowering.

00:21:11.940 --> 00:21:13.380
Do you have any insight into that?

00:21:13.380 --> 00:21:13.940
I mean it's

00:21:14.260 --> 00:21:14.420
because

00:21:14.580 --> 00:21:14.980
it's so

00:21:15.140 --> 00:21:15.860
regional, right?

00:21:15.860 --> 00:21:17.460
That's so local, what

00:21:17.620 --> 00:21:19.060
may be blooming

00:21:19.500 --> 00:21:20.620
Mid-change.

00:21:20.620 --> 00:21:25.100
What's changing probably the most noticeable is when these fall flowers are blooming.

00:21:25.260 --> 00:21:26.780
They're blooming earlier

00:21:26.880 --> 00:21:27.760
and bees are

00:21:27.920 --> 00:21:29.440
are putting away this

00:21:29.680 --> 00:21:29.920
all

00:21:30.160 --> 00:21:30.640
pollen

00:21:30.800 --> 00:21:34.320
at a time when they're still rearing brood and they're you know

00:21:34.480 --> 00:21:36.000
still foraging.

00:21:36.019 --> 00:21:36.340
So

00:21:37.059 --> 00:21:43.460
they're using that pollen that should be stored in the colony to keep the colony active

00:21:44.100 --> 00:21:46.500
during these warm falls.

00:21:46.519 --> 00:21:46.840
So

00:21:47.000 --> 00:21:49.320
they're not putting away

00:21:49.639 --> 00:21:49.960
the

00:21:50.200 --> 00:21:54.120
pollen and the and the honey that they need to

00:21:54.440 --> 00:21:56.519
to get through the winter.

00:21:56.519 --> 00:21:56.679
That

00:21:56.840 --> 00:21:57.080
that's

00:21:57.480 --> 00:21:59.880
because they're flying too late into the year

00:22:00.120 --> 00:22:03.399
and using those nutrients as fuel.

00:22:03.399 --> 00:22:05.240
That's sort of the first thing.

00:22:05.400 --> 00:22:06.120
The second thing is

00:22:06.280 --> 00:22:06.760
if you get

00:22:06.920 --> 00:22:08.120
these warm, hot

00:22:08.360 --> 00:22:08.680
winter

00:22:08.920 --> 00:22:09.880
or summers like

00:22:10.200 --> 00:22:14.520
we've been getting, that affects the germination and growth of

00:22:14.840 --> 00:22:16.280
fall plants.

00:22:16.300 --> 00:22:18.300
And so the landscapes may

00:22:18.620 --> 00:22:18.860
in

00:22:19.100 --> 00:22:19.580
years

00:22:20.140 --> 00:22:20.700
subsequently

00:22:20.860 --> 00:22:25.180
warm, dry years, may not have large stands of fall flowers.

00:22:25.180 --> 00:22:26.060
And that again

00:22:26.300 --> 00:22:28.780
puts the nutritional stress on a colony

00:22:29.120 --> 00:22:29.280
that

00:22:29.440 --> 00:22:30.720
's trying to

00:22:31.040 --> 00:22:34.640
become as fit as possible to get through the winter.

00:22:34.640 --> 00:22:35.520
You know, and this

00:22:35.680 --> 00:22:37.360
and this is something that's you know

00:22:37.520 --> 00:22:38.320
affecting

00:22:38.560 --> 00:22:40.000
all kinds of animals

00:22:40.320 --> 00:22:41.920
that hibernate

00:22:41.840 --> 00:22:41.919
or

00:22:42.080 --> 00:22:42.320
go into

00:22:42.480 --> 00:22:43.280
diapause

00:22:43.679 --> 00:22:46.720
or, you know, overwinter like honey bees,

00:22:46.960 --> 00:22:48.880
is that the landscapes

00:22:49.200 --> 00:22:49.520
that

00:22:50.080 --> 00:22:50.400
had

00:22:50.640 --> 00:22:51.280
normally

00:22:51.440 --> 00:22:56.480
sustained them, supported those sort of overwintering strategies.

00:22:56.600 --> 00:22:56.760
have

00:22:57.080 --> 00:22:59.480
become less predictable.

00:22:59.480 --> 00:23:03.159
Some years they work great, but other years they don't work so great.

00:23:03.159 --> 00:23:05.720
And those years when they don't work so great

00:23:06.220 --> 00:23:06.380
are

00:23:06.540 --> 00:23:08.300
increasing in frequency.

00:23:08.380 --> 00:23:10.780
Who was your audience when you were writing?

00:23:10.780 --> 00:23:15.660
It seems like something that's going to be taught in college classes, but also

00:23:15.820 --> 00:23:16.780
a beekeeper

00:23:17.020 --> 00:23:20.620
is going to appreciate the information that you shared.

00:23:20.080 --> 00:23:21.840
Yeah, I wrote it for everybody.

00:23:21.840 --> 00:23:26.480
I hope that, you know, it will, you know, help people

00:23:26.800 --> 00:23:31.680
understand, first of all, you know, beekeepers, just what they're up against.

00:23:31.260 --> 00:23:31.419
And

00:23:31.580 --> 00:23:31.740
it's

00:23:31.900 --> 00:23:33.340
not like we have bad beekeepers.

00:23:33.340 --> 00:23:36.780
These beekeepers, you know, have been in many cases

00:23:37.100 --> 00:23:38.700
family operations

00:23:38.860 --> 00:23:39.179
You know,

00:23:39.340 --> 00:23:39.419
a

00:23:39.580 --> 00:23:41.980
and at that's one of the things that's actually I think

00:23:42.220 --> 00:23:45.179
very unique and endearing about the beekeeping industry

00:23:45.419 --> 00:23:50.460
is that these are passed down through generations and there's a history in them.

00:23:50.240 --> 00:23:52.080
And they have been successful

00:23:52.320 --> 00:23:52.960
and now

00:23:53.120 --> 00:23:54.480
they're they can't

00:23:54.640 --> 00:23:54.800
you

00:23:55.200 --> 00:23:55.520
be

00:23:55.840 --> 00:23:57.920
consistently successful

00:23:58.019 --> 00:23:58.340
And

00:23:58.659 --> 00:23:58.899
what

00:23:59.139 --> 00:24:00.899
what's changed is that, you know,

00:24:01.139 --> 00:24:02.100
beekeeping

00:24:02.419 --> 00:24:06.179
the practices and also selection of bees

00:24:06.419 --> 00:24:06.500
were

00:24:06.660 --> 00:24:10.340
made at a time when the when we had greater stability in

00:24:10.500 --> 00:24:12.500
in climate and in environment

00:24:12.660 --> 00:24:13.220
and now

00:24:13.460 --> 00:24:16.660
this generation of beekeepers is facing a different

00:24:17.280 --> 00:24:18.320
situation.

00:24:18.320 --> 00:24:18.640
So I

00:24:18.880 --> 00:24:18.960
for

00:24:19.200 --> 00:24:21.200
in terms of beekeepers, you know, th

00:24:21.520 --> 00:24:21.600
the

00:24:21.760 --> 00:24:26.000
the book I hope articulates the situation that they are facing

00:24:26.240 --> 00:24:29.440
and the changes that they're going to need to make.

00:24:29.040 --> 00:24:31.040
to try and keep their colonies alive because

00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:33.200
tried and true methods

00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:37.120
aren't going to work so well or so consistently anymore.

00:24:37.120 --> 00:24:37.600
But also

00:24:37.760 --> 00:24:39.040
the public in general

00:24:39.200 --> 00:24:39.920
to you know

00:24:40.080 --> 00:24:41.040
raise their you know

00:24:41.200 --> 00:24:42.480
consciousness about

00:24:43.200 --> 00:24:45.280
Climate change and also about honey bees.

00:24:45.280 --> 00:24:46.400
Everybody likes honey bees.

00:24:46.400 --> 00:24:47.760
Everybody wants to buy honey, but

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:48.080
need

00:24:48.240 --> 00:24:48.320
to

00:24:48.480 --> 00:24:50.080
know that climate change in

00:24:50.240 --> 00:24:53.840
in addition to its effects on uh you know other animals

00:24:55.200 --> 00:24:56.240
to honey bees

00:24:56.179 --> 00:24:58.820
and pollinators in general.

00:24:58.820 --> 00:25:00.100
And they need to know that.

00:25:00.100 --> 00:25:01.780
I hope policymakers

00:25:01.940 --> 00:25:02.260
too

00:25:02.500 --> 00:25:04.340
that realize that, you know, this

00:25:04.980 --> 00:25:06.900
natural resource that we have

00:25:07.060 --> 00:25:10.340
of honey bees and pollinators that's essential for agriculture

00:25:10.500 --> 00:25:10.660
is

00:25:10.820 --> 00:25:16.660
in peril because of climate change and we need to talk about this and find solutions for this

00:25:16.900 --> 00:25:19.460
sooner rather than later.

00:25:18.919 --> 00:25:21.320
Seems like it's complicated more

00:25:21.640 --> 00:25:25.000
by the fact that we have less habitat now

00:25:25.160 --> 00:25:25.799
too.

00:25:25.799 --> 00:25:29.320
So not only is it changing, there's less of it available

00:25:29.480 --> 00:25:31.080
at the same time it's changing.

00:25:31.080 --> 00:25:31.240
So

00:25:31.400 --> 00:25:32.039
you have this

00:25:32.260 --> 00:25:35.780
That's why the mathematical model probably works because it's so complicated.

00:25:35.780 --> 00:25:36.740
It's not a single

00:25:36.900 --> 00:25:40.500
we're always looking for a single cause and effect, but it's not.

00:25:40.500 --> 00:25:41.460
It's just a

00:25:41.640 --> 00:25:47.480
avalanche of problems facing the industry or facing beekeepers and honey bees and all pollinators, as you point out.

00:25:53.560 --> 00:25:56.280
and predict which way a colony is going

00:25:56.680 --> 00:25:58.120
months before it

00:25:58.440 --> 00:25:58.920
you know

00:25:59.160 --> 00:25:59.880
either

00:26:00.040 --> 00:26:01.160
grows or

00:26:01.320 --> 00:26:03.960
or before it crashes, you know.

00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:06.760
And what you say about, you know, landscapes

00:26:06.740 --> 00:26:07.780
I mean that's I think

00:26:07.940 --> 00:26:11.860
key to our success in helping the beekeeping industry is

00:26:12.020 --> 00:26:13.700
to open more lands and it

00:26:13.940 --> 00:26:16.260
to honey bee colonies and

00:26:16.640 --> 00:26:26.560
you know, places where beekeepers can put their colonies, safe places where they're, you know, not going to be exposed to pesticides and where there's, you know, flowering

00:26:26.800 --> 00:26:27.840
plants.

00:26:27.820 --> 00:26:30.220
that go from spring until the fall

00:26:30.460 --> 00:26:31.260
and uh you know

00:26:31.420 --> 00:26:34.140
have a commitment to preparing those lance

00:26:34.300 --> 00:26:34.700
and they

00:26:34.860 --> 00:26:34.940
say

00:26:35.100 --> 00:26:37.180
opening them up to beekeepers

00:26:37.260 --> 00:26:44.940
Hey, let's take this opportunity to take a quick break and we'll be right back after these words from our sponsors.

00:26:44.940 --> 00:26:47.419
Beekeeping is demanding work.

00:26:47.419 --> 00:26:50.460
The last thing you need is equipment that can't keep up.

00:26:50.460 --> 00:26:50.860
That's why

00:26:51.020 --> 00:26:51.900
Premier Bee Products

00:26:52.419 --> 00:26:53.539
Builds every frame and hive

00:26:53.700 --> 00:26:59.940
body in our South Dakota factories with one goal in mind, reliability when it matters most.

00:26:59.940 --> 00:27:01.299
From our beefy pura

00:27:01.460 --> 00:27:02.980
frames to our natural profila

00:27:03.140 --> 00:27:03.380
hive

00:27:03.539 --> 00:27:06.100
bodies with rough interiors, we design

00:27:06.260 --> 00:27:06.980
for long lives.

00:27:07.660 --> 00:27:10.140
In the field and in the colony.

00:27:10.140 --> 00:27:14.539
Because we believe that in beekeeping, details make all the difference.

00:27:14.539 --> 00:27:18.700
Premier Bee Products: better for bees, better for beekeepers.

00:27:18.940 --> 00:27:21.419
Visit online at premierbeedproducts.

00:27:21.419 --> 00:27:21.740
com or

00:27:22.340 --> 00:27:23.460
Call us today.

00:27:23.460 --> 00:27:24.660
Use promo code

00:27:24.900 --> 00:27:25.539
podcast

00:27:25.700 --> 00:27:25.860
for

00:27:26.020 --> 00:27:26.580
10%

00:27:26.740 --> 00:27:27.940
off your next online

00:27:28.260 --> 00:27:29.220
order.

00:27:33.380 --> 00:27:40.180
Beekeepers, if you're looking for a smarter way to support colony health, take a look at bee bites from strong microbials.

00:27:40.180 --> 00:27:46.340
Bee bites are a new protein patty made with spirulina, chlorella, and targeted probiotics.

00:27:46.340 --> 00:27:47.060
Designed to support

00:27:47.660 --> 00:27:50.700
nutrition without creating new problems in the hive.

00:27:50.700 --> 00:27:51.660
With 15%

00:27:51.820 --> 00:27:59.900
protein, bee bites are unique because they do not attract small hive beetles, a big deal if you've ever battled infestations during feeding.

00:27:59.900 --> 00:28:02.300
Strong microbials has been supporting beekeepers

00:28:02.660 --> 00:28:09.060
And farmers since 2012, developing high-quality commercial probiotics and nutritional supplements you can trust.

00:28:09.060 --> 00:28:13.860
Learn more about Bee Bites and their full line of bee nutrition at strongmicrobials.

00:28:13.860 --> 00:28:14.820
com.

00:28:15.140 --> 00:28:17.300
Welcome back, everybody.

00:28:17.160 --> 00:28:18.680
Gloria, part

00:28:19.000 --> 00:28:19.320
of

00:28:19.640 --> 00:28:21.640
what you're talking about is

00:28:22.120 --> 00:28:24.600
potentially a change in how beekeeping

00:28:24.840 --> 00:28:28.040
the beekeeping industry manages colonies across the country

00:28:28.280 --> 00:28:31.640
and specifically commercial beekeepers.

00:28:31.340 --> 00:28:32.620
Have you had conversations

00:28:32.780 --> 00:28:34.940
or do you have insights into how

00:28:35.260 --> 00:28:38.140
the current system might need to shift?

00:28:38.299 --> 00:28:41.580
The area that I that I know the most about is overwintering and

00:28:41.820 --> 00:28:43.660
I've done most of my research in

00:28:43.700 --> 00:28:43.860
My

00:28:44.100 --> 00:28:50.980
my research was focused on how bees prepare for winter, you know, the formation of winter bees, and then

00:28:51.460 --> 00:28:54.580
cold storage of colonies in colonies.

00:28:54.500 --> 00:28:55.460
I arrived

00:28:55.700 --> 00:29:00.660
at the, you know, recommendation that if colonies are

00:29:01.220 --> 00:29:02.100
summering

00:29:02.419 --> 00:29:04.740
in temperate areas, which many of them

00:29:04.900 --> 00:29:04.980
are

00:29:05.140 --> 00:29:05.220
in

00:29:05.460 --> 00:29:07.460
northern Great Plains and you know

00:29:07.620 --> 00:29:08.419
up in uh

00:29:08.580 --> 00:29:09.059
the uh

00:29:09.220 --> 00:29:10.980
eastern part of the country,

00:29:11.140 --> 00:29:13.940
northeastern part of the country, Midwest and such

00:29:14.040 --> 00:29:17.720
That putting those colonies in cold storage for the winter

00:29:18.280 --> 00:29:21.720
is probably a good way of taking them out of an environment

00:29:22.040 --> 00:29:22.920
that seems to be

00:29:23.080 --> 00:29:26.360
growing increasingly dangerous to them, you know, with

00:29:26.600 --> 00:29:31.400
with this with these warm falls and the mites migrating and so forth.

00:29:31.679 --> 00:29:32.000
So

00:29:32.240 --> 00:29:36.960
the first thing that we did was, I mean, is this economically feasible?

00:29:36.960 --> 00:29:37.279
So

00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:38.960
we did uh some

00:29:39.120 --> 00:29:39.840
studies with

00:29:40.000 --> 00:29:40.080
uh

00:29:40.240 --> 00:29:44.480
Beekeeper, the Verhoax uh up in uh North Dakota

00:29:44.460 --> 00:29:47.900
They were kind enough to let us do this study on their colonies

00:29:48.060 --> 00:29:49.900
where we put them in cold storage.

00:29:49.900 --> 00:29:51.980
We took other ones and you know, moved them

00:29:52.140 --> 00:29:52.300
uh

00:29:52.460 --> 00:29:53.020
out to uh

00:29:53.180 --> 00:29:55.660
Texas and overwintered there and

00:29:55.940 --> 00:30:02.820
Anyway, what we found was that yeah, it's economically feasible to put your colonies in cold storage.

00:30:02.820 --> 00:30:09.139
And our later experiments, as we, you know, did some other studies with mites and getting mite

00:30:09.340 --> 00:30:11.740
populations under control, that

00:30:11.900 --> 00:30:12.940
the survival w

00:30:13.179 --> 00:30:17.980
rate of colonies put into cold storage can be quite a bit higher.

00:30:17.840 --> 00:30:18.000
than

00:30:18.240 --> 00:30:19.360
if you leave them out.

00:30:19.360 --> 00:30:20.000
And also

00:30:20.160 --> 00:30:21.360
it's less expensive.

00:30:21.360 --> 00:30:22.960
There's less labor.

00:30:22.960 --> 00:30:26.080
They're not feeding colonies, you know, all winter long.

00:30:26.080 --> 00:30:27.039
Anyway, uh

00:30:27.260 --> 00:30:30.380
Those were the conversations that I had the most with beekeepers.

00:30:30.380 --> 00:30:31.260
And I've I realized

00:30:31.419 --> 00:30:33.580
first of all, it's a it's a big change.

00:30:33.580 --> 00:30:35.260
So, you know, some beekeepers

00:30:35.460 --> 00:30:38.820
who had been used to moving their colonies to California

00:30:38.980 --> 00:30:44.100
for the winter, or maybe down in the southern states, you know, from North Dakota

00:30:44.340 --> 00:30:48.260
and the northern Great Plains down into those areas.

00:30:47.900 --> 00:30:50.780
Maybe they should think about, you know, going west and put

00:30:51.100 --> 00:30:52.940
in, you know, into Idaho and such

00:30:53.100 --> 00:30:53.420
and

00:30:53.740 --> 00:30:56.220
and North Dakota itself.

00:30:56.040 --> 00:30:58.280
and put it in put them in cold storage.

00:30:58.280 --> 00:30:59.720
So this is really a beekeeper's

00:30:59.880 --> 00:31:00.120
choice.

00:31:00.440 --> 00:31:05.400
All I ever did was, you know, and all I still ever do, I just provide information.

00:31:05.240 --> 00:31:12.120
I mean these are really hard decisions for these you know, for the beekeepers who really are, you know, th they're the ones the

00:31:12.280 --> 00:31:16.360
the rubber hits the road with them and th it's their businesses and it

00:31:16.520 --> 00:31:18.200
it's my job

00:31:18.160 --> 00:31:19.840
to give them the best information

00:31:20.000 --> 00:31:23.040
and then, you know, that I've got, share that

00:31:23.280 --> 00:31:25.440
and then let them make decisions.

00:31:25.440 --> 00:31:27.360
I never tell anybody what to do.

00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:29.440
You know how useless that is.

00:31:32.600 --> 00:31:33.720
I love that but

00:31:33.880 --> 00:31:35.400
but it's funny because the

00:31:35.640 --> 00:31:35.880
the

00:31:36.200 --> 00:31:37.160
conversations

00:31:37.320 --> 00:31:38.280
sometimes

00:31:38.440 --> 00:31:38.519
people

00:31:38.679 --> 00:31:40.840
with operations, it's so dire

00:31:41.320 --> 00:31:44.279
because they're being hit so hard with so many threats

00:31:44.440 --> 00:31:46.360
that, you know, sometimes they'll

00:31:46.480 --> 00:31:48.080
You know, they'll be like, Well, what should I do?

00:31:48.080 --> 00:31:50.960
And I'm like, probably not ask me first of all.

00:31:50.960 --> 00:31:53.280
I have eighty colonies, you've got two thousand.

00:31:53.360 --> 00:31:53.520
So

00:31:54.000 --> 00:31:57.520
you know, but at the same time, it makes sense

00:31:57.720 --> 00:32:04.760
to look to the science and to go to the basics, like what do those bees need in order to make it through the winter?

00:32:04.760 --> 00:32:08.280
And a lot of people's guts are saying, they're flying too much.

00:32:08.280 --> 00:32:08.680
They're too

00:32:08.840 --> 00:32:10.200
they're too warm.

00:32:10.220 --> 00:32:11.180
And so

00:32:11.420 --> 00:32:14.060
you kind of bring the science to that to confirm it

00:32:14.220 --> 00:32:18.300
and also to provide additional evidence that it is hel

00:32:18.540 --> 00:32:20.220
healthful for them.

00:32:20.160 --> 00:32:22.240
So for our listeners who are

00:32:22.400 --> 00:32:29.760
new, this might be their first season, what's the difference in nutritional needs for a honey bee in the fall versus the spring versus the winter?

00:32:29.960 --> 00:32:33.400
And the difference between winter and summer bees would be great.

00:32:33.480 --> 00:32:37.640
'Cause we kinda glossed over that, but it that is so critical to the discussion.

00:32:37.720 --> 00:32:40.440
Honey bee colonies have an annual cycle.

00:32:40.440 --> 00:32:41.160
And if we

00:32:41.320 --> 00:32:41.400
l

00:32:41.720 --> 00:32:43.320
start the cycle

00:32:43.340 --> 00:32:43.980
Let's say i

00:32:44.140 --> 00:32:44.700
in um

00:32:44.860 --> 00:32:46.059
late winter when the

00:32:46.299 --> 00:32:49.740
when the bees are just starting to rear brood again.

00:32:49.740 --> 00:32:52.539
I mean they still may be confined in the colony.

00:32:52.880 --> 00:32:58.080
But that queen starts laying again, you know, sometime in late January, early February.

00:32:58.240 --> 00:33:02.160
They're rear and brood, and though all that brood is the replacement.

00:33:02.440 --> 00:33:02.760
to

00:33:02.920 --> 00:33:07.880
the bees that have formed that winter cluster that have overwintered.

00:33:07.880 --> 00:33:10.760
And so the longer that they stay in the colony

00:33:10.960 --> 00:33:11.840
You know, the better

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:21.040
the more brood they can rear and the more replacements are waiting in the wings when the colony starts to forage again and starts losing these older bees as they forage.

00:33:21.160 --> 00:33:21.400
So

00:33:21.560 --> 00:33:30.760
ideally in the spring, let's say it starts to warm up, you know, March you get some hours of flight every day, April a little more, May a little more.

00:33:30.760 --> 00:33:33.000
These pollens that are coming in

00:33:33.060 --> 00:33:34.420
are usually abundant.

00:33:34.420 --> 00:33:37.140
Spring pollens are you know, a lot of them

00:33:37.460 --> 00:33:41.060
have to do with, you know, fruit trees and blooming shrubs.

00:33:41.060 --> 00:33:43.540
And so there's this abundant pollen

00:33:43.780 --> 00:33:46.580
with nutrients that bees can use to rear

00:33:46.740 --> 00:33:47.700
brood.

00:33:47.540 --> 00:33:47.940
you know, their

00:33:48.100 --> 00:33:57.220
protein and uh lipids uh in them as well as other nutrients, vitamins and such, bees can bring in tremendous amounts of pollen and grow.

00:33:57.060 --> 00:33:57.300
And

00:33:57.460 --> 00:33:59.940
because they're turning that pollen into bees.

00:33:59.940 --> 00:34:00.020
Uh

00:34:00.180 --> 00:34:02.820
so that your population grows, they make

00:34:03.060 --> 00:34:06.660
drones, they can even swarm and you know if you

00:34:06.820 --> 00:34:06.900
if

00:34:07.060 --> 00:34:07.220
you

00:34:16.440 --> 00:34:16.760
I know

00:34:16.919 --> 00:34:20.120
beekeepers try to discourage swarming.

00:34:19.740 --> 00:34:21.820
But you can make splits and

00:34:22.620 --> 00:34:23.820
grow your colonies.

00:34:23.820 --> 00:34:24.139
And

00:34:24.379 --> 00:34:32.060
so those spring and summer pollens, the nutrients that they provide, plus the abundance of them that they provide.

00:34:31.920 --> 00:34:37.200
enable that colony to take off and as it's and as it's growing, i it

00:34:37.360 --> 00:34:38.480
it's

00:34:38.720 --> 00:34:40.320
on a projection

00:34:40.640 --> 00:34:40.960
to

00:34:41.520 --> 00:34:44.400
get large enough to overwinter.

00:34:44.040 --> 00:34:44.840
Okay, so

00:34:45.000 --> 00:34:49.240
you know your chances of overwintering are really set

00:34:49.800 --> 00:34:52.120
in May and June, you know

00:34:52.700 --> 00:34:52.940
So

00:34:53.179 --> 00:34:54.060
anyway, y

00:34:54.220 --> 00:34:58.220
your colony then goes through the summer and you're trying to now maintain that population.

00:34:58.220 --> 00:35:00.060
So you have summer, you know, colon or

00:35:00.220 --> 00:35:01.100
summer pollens

00:35:01.260 --> 00:35:03.340
and ideally they're coming in

00:35:03.500 --> 00:35:03.820
and

00:35:03.880 --> 00:35:04.600
You know, bees are

00:35:04.760 --> 00:35:04.840
can

00:35:05.080 --> 00:35:07.560
continue to grow and then you hit the fall

00:35:07.720 --> 00:35:10.280
and day as days are starting to get shorter.

00:35:10.280 --> 00:35:13.240
Okay, now that brood rearing is going down.

00:35:13.320 --> 00:35:16.920
And the bees are putting away more of the pollen.

00:35:16.920 --> 00:35:17.640
They're putting it

00:35:17.880 --> 00:35:20.840
away in the cells in the colony.

00:35:20.840 --> 00:35:21.160
They're

00:35:21.320 --> 00:35:22.440
they're eating it

00:35:22.680 --> 00:35:24.680
and you know, foraging is

00:35:25.099 --> 00:35:25.660
ideally

00:35:25.900 --> 00:35:27.740
foraging is on the decline too

00:35:27.900 --> 00:35:31.980
because it's getting colder, days are getting shorter, there's less brood.

00:35:31.980 --> 00:35:35.339
Finally, you know, it gets to the point where days are short

00:35:35.500 --> 00:35:38.220
and there's too cold to forage.

00:35:37.600 --> 00:35:37.760
And

00:35:37.920 --> 00:35:40.800
now the bees have this storage of pollen

00:35:41.120 --> 00:35:41.920
that is usually

00:35:42.320 --> 00:35:44.720
lipid-rich because they're using lipids

00:35:45.040 --> 00:35:46.080
at this time of

00:35:46.400 --> 00:35:47.280
year.

00:35:47.059 --> 00:35:54.660
There's a lot more calories in lipids than there are, for example, in you know honey simple sugars and such.

00:35:54.660 --> 00:35:57.779
Although they use those sugars to uh

00:35:58.020 --> 00:35:59.859
warm the hive to you know

00:35:59.940 --> 00:36:00.099
to

00:36:00.260 --> 00:36:00.420
what

00:36:00.579 --> 00:36:00.980
's they

00:36:01.220 --> 00:36:01.700
shiver

00:36:01.940 --> 00:36:02.740
and you know

00:36:02.900 --> 00:36:02.980
are

00:36:03.140 --> 00:36:03.460
thermi

00:36:03.700 --> 00:36:06.099
thermoregulating the colony through their shivering

00:36:06.260 --> 00:36:07.940
they're generating heat

00:36:07.840 --> 00:36:12.320
That occurs from the honey that's in the colony, from the glucose in the honey.

00:36:12.320 --> 00:36:17.440
But the lipids that are in the bees and in the fat body can get broken down into

00:36:17.600 --> 00:36:19.360
into glucose and uh

00:36:19.520 --> 00:36:22.560
and also serve as an energy source.

00:36:22.040 --> 00:36:22.680
a very

00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:25.880
concentrated energy source.

00:36:25.880 --> 00:36:27.640
And so, you know, and then

00:36:27.960 --> 00:36:29.480
winter goes by and

00:36:29.640 --> 00:36:29.880
and

00:36:30.280 --> 00:36:32.920
warming the hive and then we start the cycle again

00:36:33.080 --> 00:36:36.520
where those nutrients that they put away in fall pollens that

00:36:36.580 --> 00:36:39.060
There's protein in them, there's a lot of lipid in them.

00:36:39.060 --> 00:36:43.620
They're using those now to rear that brood again while they're still in the colony.

00:36:43.620 --> 00:36:45.860
And so, you know, bees

00:36:46.020 --> 00:36:48.740
evolved in a landscape and in a time

00:36:49.299 --> 00:36:49.539
where

00:36:49.859 --> 00:36:53.539
that kind of environmental stability existed.

00:36:53.539 --> 00:36:56.579
And they, you know, they matched right up with the environment

00:36:56.819 --> 00:36:57.380
and were

00:36:57.539 --> 00:36:58.420
able in

00:36:58.660 --> 00:37:01.140
more years than not to thrive.

00:37:01.020 --> 00:37:01.339
And

00:37:01.579 --> 00:37:02.220
and now

00:37:02.859 --> 00:37:05.900
the environment's not that stable anymore.

00:37:05.900 --> 00:37:10.859
There's years when it's more difficult to keep colonies alive, that's for sure.

00:37:10.740 --> 00:37:11.540
It's also

00:37:11.700 --> 00:37:13.060
we try to supplement

00:37:13.620 --> 00:37:16.900
our bees with nutrition when they need it, but that foul

00:37:17.140 --> 00:37:18.420
pollen is a very

00:37:19.200 --> 00:37:21.760
there's not a great fix for that.

00:37:21.760 --> 00:37:21.840
We

00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:22.080
it

00:37:22.480 --> 00:37:22.800
because

00:37:23.280 --> 00:37:24.320
my understanding is you

00:37:24.480 --> 00:37:27.600
if you're feeding a pollen substitute, at least in a northern climate

00:37:27.760 --> 00:37:30.720
you could very well start simulating brood, which you're not

00:37:30.880 --> 00:37:32.320
you don't want to do.

00:37:32.320 --> 00:37:32.640
So

00:37:32.800 --> 00:37:33.120
so

00:37:33.360 --> 00:37:40.720
what do you recommend to beekeepers as far as that fall pollen if they think that they don't have enough of it?

00:37:42.040 --> 00:37:42.599
That's really

00:37:42.760 --> 00:37:44.040
that's really hard to

00:37:44.280 --> 00:37:46.119
to pull them through, you know.

00:37:46.359 --> 00:37:47.560
You know, I don't know.

00:37:47.560 --> 00:37:48.760
I mean, you know, you need po

00:37:49.000 --> 00:37:54.040
fall pollen coming in and I don't know if just having some fall pollen coming in

00:37:54.140 --> 00:37:54.619
i is

00:37:54.779 --> 00:37:55.500
is enough.

00:37:55.500 --> 00:37:55.579
I

00:37:55.740 --> 00:37:56.380
I know

00:37:56.619 --> 00:37:59.339
we did a study with supplemental feeding

00:37:59.500 --> 00:37:59.819
where

00:37:59.980 --> 00:38:04.859
we had a group of colonies that just got some natural pollen.

00:38:04.980 --> 00:38:05.300
And

00:38:05.860 --> 00:38:07.940
those colonies did as well

00:38:08.100 --> 00:38:09.380
as colonies that we

00:38:09.780 --> 00:38:12.580
didn't feed pollen supplements to

00:38:12.740 --> 00:38:15.940
and fed real pollen to the whole time.

00:38:15.740 --> 00:38:17.740
So just that little bit of pollen

00:38:17.980 --> 00:38:18.940
made a difference.

00:38:18.940 --> 00:38:22.300
I don't know if that's true with fall pollens, but

00:38:22.460 --> 00:38:23.740
boy, I would hope so, because

00:38:23.900 --> 00:38:24.620
you know it's just

00:38:24.780 --> 00:38:27.980
just having some fall pollen coming in.

00:38:27.820 --> 00:38:29.580
You know, one thing that we did I

00:38:29.740 --> 00:38:34.140
too when we were working with MegaBee, and this may be helpful, was that

00:38:34.460 --> 00:38:40.860
when we fed MegaBee, the bees ate it and stored the pollen that they were bringing in

00:38:40.940 --> 00:38:41.099
So

00:38:41.260 --> 00:38:45.420
whether they would do that with fall pollen, that'd be worth looking into.

00:38:45.420 --> 00:38:46.060
I

00:38:46.380 --> 00:38:47.420
I never did that.

00:38:47.420 --> 00:38:49.020
I don't have any data for it, but I

00:38:49.180 --> 00:38:49.420
but

00:38:49.720 --> 00:38:52.440
It had worked with uh spring and summer.

00:38:52.440 --> 00:38:53.400
Okay, okay.

00:38:53.559 --> 00:38:56.200
I think a lot of the information out there is that a lot of pollen

00:38:56.359 --> 00:38:58.920
supplements aren't being stored, so

00:38:59.260 --> 00:39:02.300
Oh yeah, they th they don't store those.

00:39:02.300 --> 00:39:04.860
They do some good, but there's not a lot of storage.

00:39:04.860 --> 00:39:05.740
Oh that's interesting.

00:39:05.740 --> 00:39:07.420
Thank you for sharing that.

00:39:07.520 --> 00:39:08.880
For the beekeeper

00:39:09.119 --> 00:39:09.760
who is

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:10.560
perhaps

00:39:10.800 --> 00:39:11.359
doing a

00:39:11.520 --> 00:39:16.000
public speaking or going to the local library and talking about honey bees and

00:39:16.160 --> 00:39:18.560
the discussion about climate change comes up.

00:39:18.640 --> 00:39:22.160
There's gonna be somebody in the audience who will say

00:39:22.400 --> 00:39:29.599
climate change is not what everyone says it is, and it's just the earth doing its earth thing.

00:39:29.720 --> 00:39:30.039
And

00:39:30.200 --> 00:39:35.960
the environments will change, the bees will get used to the new flowers that'll be adapting to that area's

00:39:36.119 --> 00:39:39.559
new growing season and new temperature range.

00:39:40.060 --> 00:39:40.300
So

00:39:40.540 --> 00:39:41.580
everybody calm

00:39:41.900 --> 00:39:42.540
down.

00:39:42.540 --> 00:39:44.700
Is that a viable argument

00:39:44.940 --> 00:39:45.100
and

00:39:45.260 --> 00:39:45.580
or

00:39:45.740 --> 00:39:47.900
how does a beekeeper respond

00:39:48.240 --> 00:39:48.400
To

00:39:48.640 --> 00:39:53.600
that at their local library or their local rotary club where they're having a question

00:39:53.840 --> 00:39:55.040
posed to 'em.

00:39:55.040 --> 00:39:56.080
You know, I think

00:39:55.980 --> 00:39:56.940
When it c when it you know

00:39:57.099 --> 00:39:59.099
comes to climate change, I mean

00:39:59.260 --> 00:39:59.819
clearly not

00:39:59.980 --> 00:40:04.220
not everyone is sold on whether it's actually a thing, you know.

00:40:04.220 --> 00:40:04.539
And

00:40:04.700 --> 00:40:04.940
so

00:40:05.099 --> 00:40:05.260
y

00:40:05.420 --> 00:40:05.740
you know, you

00:40:05.900 --> 00:40:06.140
you need

00:40:06.380 --> 00:40:09.260
you need to look at, you know, the information that

00:40:09.420 --> 00:40:10.859
is available.

00:40:10.660 --> 00:40:15.300
I mean what's clear is that the planet's been warming

00:40:15.620 --> 00:40:16.740
since the you know

00:40:16.980 --> 00:40:18.100
nineteen fifties.

00:40:18.100 --> 00:40:20.660
If we just start with the nineteen fifties.

00:40:20.799 --> 00:40:26.400
The planet has been, you know, temperatures have been increasing at a faster rate

00:40:26.720 --> 00:40:27.039
than

00:40:27.680 --> 00:40:27.920
any

00:40:28.160 --> 00:40:28.799
time that we

00:40:28.960 --> 00:40:31.680
were we've been recording temperatures.

00:40:31.960 --> 00:40:32.279
And

00:40:32.680 --> 00:40:33.000
the

00:40:33.160 --> 00:40:35.079
you know each year as we go by

00:40:35.240 --> 00:40:37.559
seems to be, you know, record breaking

00:40:37.880 --> 00:40:39.240
warm years.

00:40:39.240 --> 00:40:40.440
And if you know look at

00:40:40.760 --> 00:40:43.240
well, you know, why is this happening?

00:40:43.240 --> 00:40:46.359
All you need to look at is ocean temperatures.

00:40:46.460 --> 00:40:48.700
And what the ocean temperatures are

00:40:48.859 --> 00:40:50.539
and how they've been warming, and

00:40:50.700 --> 00:40:54.619
they haven't been warming, we would still have a lot more icebergs out there, right?

00:40:54.740 --> 00:40:56.740
and a lot more uh glacier

00:40:56.980 --> 00:40:57.940
that are you know

00:40:58.100 --> 00:41:00.660
still out there on the uh on the coasts and

00:41:00.820 --> 00:41:04.740
and in the northern part of the Atlantic and the Pacific.

00:41:04.900 --> 00:41:10.820
So, I mean clearly the oceans are warming, and oceans are what drive the whole planet's weather.

00:41:10.820 --> 00:41:15.140
And the warming of the ocean, because you know, water holds a lot of heat.

00:41:15.040 --> 00:41:15.440
And so

00:41:15.600 --> 00:41:19.120
as the atmosphere gets warm, the oceans pull in that

00:41:19.520 --> 00:41:23.520
heat, and the oceans get warm, and that drives our temperatures.

00:41:23.760 --> 00:41:24.079
So

00:41:24.400 --> 00:41:24.560
w

00:41:24.800 --> 00:41:25.599
you know, the

00:41:25.760 --> 00:41:25.920
the

00:41:26.240 --> 00:41:30.800
it's hard to argue against that the planet isn't getting warmer.

00:41:30.800 --> 00:41:32.320
But, you know, okay, the

00:41:32.480 --> 00:41:32.800
the

00:41:32.960 --> 00:41:38.160
you know, bees will adjust and they'll evolve and so forth.

00:41:37.359 --> 00:41:40.320
And you know, that's kind of a hopeful thing to

00:41:40.480 --> 00:41:41.280
to say, and

00:41:41.440 --> 00:41:41.760
and

00:41:42.320 --> 00:41:44.960
one thing is that you know the planet, the weather

00:41:45.200 --> 00:41:48.880
thing is changing faster than these organisms evolve.

00:41:48.660 --> 00:41:51.140
They're not bacteria.

00:41:51.140 --> 00:41:52.580
You know?

00:41:52.580 --> 00:41:55.940
And the other thing is that yeah, they are evolving.

00:41:55.940 --> 00:41:58.420
We're watching selection here.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:41:58.720
And it's called

00:41:58.880 --> 00:41:59.440
60%

00:41:59.600 --> 00:42:01.360
of my colonies died this year.

00:42:01.360 --> 00:42:03.120
And so when you're running a beekeeper

00:42:03.360 --> 00:42:07.120
in operation, you don't want to see that kind of natural selection.

00:42:07.120 --> 00:42:07.760
And yeah,

00:42:08.160 --> 00:42:09.200
in terms of feral

00:42:09.360 --> 00:42:15.120
populations, sure, there'll be selection on them and they'll be moving into the northern areas in it

00:42:15.280 --> 00:42:16.720
in higher elevations.

00:42:16.720 --> 00:42:18.560
So there'll be landscapes

00:42:18.440 --> 00:42:20.839
that we'll really be lacking pollinators because

00:42:21.079 --> 00:42:22.040
be lacking flowering

00:42:22.280 --> 00:42:23.720
plants and you know

00:42:23.880 --> 00:42:25.880
pollinators just can't get established there.

00:42:25.880 --> 00:42:27.400
So there'll be all these shifts

00:42:27.560 --> 00:42:27.800
and

00:42:28.040 --> 00:42:36.760
Things evolving and things selecting, but they may not occur in ways that we really want them to, you know, or hope them to.

00:42:36.660 --> 00:42:39.060
Is there anything a individual beekeeper can do

00:42:39.220 --> 00:42:44.260
along these lines to prepare their themselves and their honey bees or their operations

00:42:44.500 --> 00:42:44.820
for

00:42:45.820 --> 00:42:48.140
the climate change and things that we're experiencing.

00:42:48.540 --> 00:42:52.700
I think that you need to find places to put your colonies

00:42:52.940 --> 00:42:55.660
for the through the spring and the summer.

00:42:55.720 --> 00:43:01.000
especially when they get done pollinating, you know, those spring crops, if you pollinate almonds or, you know, the

00:43:01.160 --> 00:43:01.960
other orchard

00:43:02.119 --> 00:43:07.240
crops, where they can at least get some natural pollen coming in.

00:43:06.940 --> 00:43:11.099
And this is where I believe beekeepers really need help from the public

00:43:11.500 --> 00:43:12.140
and also

00:43:12.619 --> 00:43:12.940
from

00:43:13.420 --> 00:43:19.180
the government having a sustained commitment to its pollinating populations.

00:43:18.940 --> 00:43:21.500
and pollinators as a natural resource

00:43:21.740 --> 00:43:27.260
where these areas become available to beekeepers, they are uh

00:43:27.420 --> 00:43:28.619
supported, they

00:43:29.059 --> 00:43:29.460
you know, are

00:43:29.779 --> 00:43:38.339
are planted into pollinator plantings, that there's just a commitment that we're gonna, you know, do the things that we need to do in public lands and

00:43:38.500 --> 00:43:39.140
in you know

00:43:39.299 --> 00:43:40.339
open areas

00:43:40.579 --> 00:43:41.940
to support pollinator

00:43:42.180 --> 00:43:43.859
populations.

00:43:43.220 --> 00:43:43.460
so

00:43:43.779 --> 00:43:44.420
that all

00:43:44.660 --> 00:43:45.779
pollinators

00:43:46.099 --> 00:43:47.940
have some pollen, natural pollen

00:43:48.099 --> 00:43:49.859
coming in throughout the year.

00:43:49.859 --> 00:43:52.980
Okay, now that's going to build our nutritional base.

00:43:52.840 --> 00:43:53.320
to keep

00:43:53.480 --> 00:43:55.240
pollinators healthy.

00:43:55.240 --> 00:44:02.600
And you know, pollinators, uh honey bees that have natural pollen coming in, have greater resistance to diseases, and

00:44:02.840 --> 00:44:07.240
can grow populations that have a chance of getting them through the winter.

00:44:06.940 --> 00:44:08.460
Then, you know, Varroa

00:44:08.780 --> 00:44:09.500
control.

00:44:09.500 --> 00:44:15.500
And that gets expensive, you know, because you need to be monitoring more often.

00:44:15.440 --> 00:44:17.760
And you need to be rotating miticides

00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:18.880
and there are you know

00:44:19.040 --> 00:44:21.280
mite-resistant lines of bees

00:44:21.599 --> 00:44:21.920
that

00:44:22.160 --> 00:44:22.320
can

00:44:22.480 --> 00:44:23.440
be very effective.

00:44:23.440 --> 00:44:25.119
Put a plug in for the Baton Rouge

00:44:25.280 --> 00:44:25.440
lab

00:44:25.680 --> 00:44:26.240
here.

00:44:25.800 --> 00:44:27.560
They've got great lines of bees.

00:44:27.800 --> 00:44:28.520
The Tucson

00:44:28.760 --> 00:44:28.840
Lab

00:44:29.000 --> 00:44:31.880
is doing an area-wide study with the Baton

00:44:32.040 --> 00:44:32.680
Rouge Lab

00:44:32.840 --> 00:44:34.840
on some of their selections of their

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:36.920
mite-resistant lines.

00:44:36.660 --> 00:44:38.980
And they really keep mite levels low

00:44:39.140 --> 00:44:40.740
without mites.

00:44:40.980 --> 00:44:43.780
That's terrific, you know?

00:44:43.780 --> 00:44:44.020
So

00:44:44.260 --> 00:44:46.340
keeping the mite levels down

00:44:47.339 --> 00:44:48.780
is key.

00:44:48.780 --> 00:44:50.859
And then how are you going to overwinter?

00:44:50.859 --> 00:44:53.420
And that becomes the beekeeper's choice.

00:44:53.420 --> 00:44:56.300
Whether they want to put them into cold storage.

00:44:56.400 --> 00:45:00.080
Or, you know, they want to take them and leave them in the fields and you know

00:45:00.240 --> 00:45:01.520
take their chances there.

00:45:01.600 --> 00:45:03.520
That's up to the beekeeper.

00:45:03.520 --> 00:45:06.880
But the climate, even under the best of situations.

00:45:07.380 --> 00:45:07.700
can

00:45:07.859 --> 00:45:08.819
can still

00:45:08.980 --> 00:45:12.579
wreak havoc and you know, until you know

00:45:12.819 --> 00:45:15.460
we find places to put bees

00:45:15.619 --> 00:45:16.260
and you know

00:45:16.420 --> 00:45:17.700
have those years

00:45:18.040 --> 00:45:20.440
I'm really concerned about California this year

00:45:20.680 --> 00:45:23.080
with the predictions we're getting about the El Ni��o

00:45:23.240 --> 00:45:26.520
and the amount of rain that's gonna be in California.

00:45:26.520 --> 00:45:28.840
I don't know you can do much about that.

00:45:28.840 --> 00:45:28.920
I

00:45:29.160 --> 00:45:32.600
the ocean is at record temperatures.

00:45:32.599 --> 00:45:35.000
for this time of year, the Pacific.

00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:39.480
So, I mean Hawaii is getting hit, you know, already with we've had two

00:45:39.640 --> 00:45:40.680
two hurricanes.

00:45:40.920 --> 00:45:41.240
So

00:45:41.840 --> 00:45:42.880
Like I said, I mean

00:45:43.040 --> 00:45:43.440
we d we

00:45:43.680 --> 00:45:49.520
we need to be talking about climate change and doing things, you know, to help mitigate it

00:45:49.740 --> 00:45:51.660
Not just for us, but

00:45:51.980 --> 00:45:55.500
for, you know, all those folks who are who are following us.

00:45:55.500 --> 00:45:59.980
You know, all our kids and our grandkids and other people's kids and grandkids.

00:45:59.840 --> 00:46:01.680
You know, we need to have that kind of long

00:46:01.840 --> 00:46:02.480
view.

00:46:02.560 --> 00:46:02.960
I think

00:46:03.120 --> 00:46:06.080
one of the problems out there is that Varroa have just

00:46:06.240 --> 00:46:07.520
they've really muddled

00:46:07.680 --> 00:46:08.320
everything

00:46:08.560 --> 00:46:11.760
because beekeepers aren't able to understand

00:46:11.920 --> 00:46:14.080
the impact of different

00:46:14.520 --> 00:46:17.400
weather conditions on their colonies sometimes

00:46:17.560 --> 00:46:17.800
because

00:46:17.960 --> 00:46:19.560
it's very possible that their

00:46:19.800 --> 00:46:21.079
bees are already

00:46:21.320 --> 00:46:21.960
sick

00:46:22.420 --> 00:46:22.660
with

00:46:22.820 --> 00:46:23.300
viruses

00:46:23.620 --> 00:46:25.620
or the mite load is too high.

00:46:25.620 --> 00:46:26.580
And so it's just

00:46:26.820 --> 00:46:31.060
I preached, I think, but I want mite mitigation to be so

00:46:31.440 --> 00:46:37.119
so extreme that they can at least see what their bees are supposed to look like

00:46:37.440 --> 00:46:40.079
before they start trying to

00:46:40.520 --> 00:46:41.720
figure out other

00:46:41.960 --> 00:46:45.720
ways to keep bees and keep bees healthy.

00:46:45.720 --> 00:46:50.040
It is interesting because you're a healthy colony, they can stand

00:46:50.520 --> 00:46:50.839
some

00:46:51.160 --> 00:46:53.320
some kind of other pressure.

00:46:53.320 --> 00:46:54.120
But if you

00:46:54.280 --> 00:46:58.040
if you take that away from them, you know, no wonder our levels of colony

00:46:58.280 --> 00:47:00.760
collapse are so high every year.

00:47:00.760 --> 00:47:01.000
But

00:47:01.160 --> 00:47:05.400
I don't know if you can do that through mathematical modeling or if you can go in a time machine to

00:47:05.560 --> 00:47:06.840
when you started your career

00:47:07.080 --> 00:47:07.400
and

00:47:07.460 --> 00:47:11.540
and see what the impact of these conditions are on the bees.

00:47:11.540 --> 00:47:16.660
But it is hard because it's what we have now, but it's really confusing.

00:47:16.760 --> 00:47:22.600
Yeah, actually a project that I'm working on with some uh colleagues at Arizona State University.

00:47:22.600 --> 00:47:24.600
That's what I'm kind of working out of now

00:47:24.559 --> 00:47:24.640
i

00:47:24.799 --> 00:47:32.480
is looking at exactly those things, you know, the different situations that occur throughout the year and how that affects your chances of a colony either

00:47:32.640 --> 00:47:35.359
growing and doing well and overwintering.

00:47:35.440 --> 00:47:37.760
or being lost over the wintertime.

00:47:37.760 --> 00:47:46.400
And it does lend itself to mathematics, no question about it, because it will capture that series of unfortunate events that

00:47:46.720 --> 00:47:49.599
ultimately cause a colony to die over the winter

00:47:49.760 --> 00:47:50.960
or survive, you know,

00:47:51.440 --> 00:47:52.880
positive events.

00:47:52.880 --> 00:47:53.200
So

00:47:53.359 --> 00:47:55.599
yeah, I mean it can work out that way.

00:47:55.599 --> 00:47:57.760
But what you what you say a hundred percent you know

00:47:57.920 --> 00:47:58.240
agree

00:47:58.480 --> 00:47:58.720
that

00:47:58.960 --> 00:48:00.160
Varroa is

00:48:00.620 --> 00:48:02.300
either makes or breaks

00:48:02.540 --> 00:48:03.420
a colony

00:48:03.580 --> 00:48:05.500
and it's, you know, difficult to

00:48:05.660 --> 00:48:06.300
to control

00:48:06.700 --> 00:48:09.020
and you just have to be on it all the time

00:48:09.180 --> 00:48:09.500
and

00:48:09.480 --> 00:48:15.400
Yeah, I was telling you we did that uh one study where you know we were looking at the economics and we were keeping um

00:48:16.200 --> 00:48:16.599
bees

00:48:16.920 --> 00:48:17.240
from

00:48:17.400 --> 00:48:18.920
uh the minute that uh or

00:48:19.079 --> 00:48:22.760
the time that they split, they made the splits in Texas

00:48:22.840 --> 00:48:23.480
in the spring

00:48:23.640 --> 00:48:24.520
and moved 'em up into

00:48:24.680 --> 00:48:25.880
North Dakota and

00:48:26.200 --> 00:48:27.240
and, you know, with

00:48:27.560 --> 00:48:28.920
transportation costs and

00:48:29.080 --> 00:48:29.880
mice.

00:48:29.880 --> 00:48:31.240
The costs of m a

00:48:31.400 --> 00:48:37.560
miticide application are just like I mean, not just for the material, but for the labor and the transport.

00:48:36.880 --> 00:48:37.520
transportation

00:48:37.760 --> 00:48:37.840
just

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:38.960
like oh my god

00:48:39.120 --> 00:48:42.720
and you gotta do this you know for how many times a year

00:48:42.960 --> 00:48:43.200
but

00:48:43.360 --> 00:48:43.840
shucks

00:48:44.000 --> 00:48:45.040
if you don't

00:48:45.160 --> 00:48:45.880
And it might

00:48:46.040 --> 00:48:47.560
get away from you.

00:48:47.560 --> 00:48:49.720
Well, okay, now you got that.

00:48:49.800 --> 00:48:53.240
Gloria, thank you so much for sharing all this information, but

00:48:53.400 --> 00:48:54.360
more importantly

00:48:54.840 --> 00:48:56.680
People need to read this book.

00:48:56.680 --> 00:48:57.240
So so

00:48:57.400 --> 00:49:00.440
how do they get a copy of your book?

00:49:00.440 --> 00:49:02.440
They sell it on Amazon.

00:49:03.920 --> 00:49:05.920
Just like we get everything else, right?

00:49:05.920 --> 00:49:07.360
You know, and uh you know

00:49:07.520 --> 00:49:08.560
you can buy uh um

00:49:08.720 --> 00:49:11.600
a hard copy, you can buy an electronic copy of it.

00:49:11.600 --> 00:49:13.120
Yeah, thanks for asking.

00:49:13.120 --> 00:49:13.760
Excellent.

00:49:13.760 --> 00:49:18.480
And we'll make sure there's a link to the book in our show notes.

00:49:18.520 --> 00:49:22.920
I hate to be the bad guy in this, but we're gonna have to bring this to an end.

00:49:22.920 --> 00:49:27.720
Gloria, this is such a broad topic and we could obviously talk about this for a long time.

00:49:27.840 --> 00:49:31.120
I promise you I'm not gonna wait five years to invite you back.

00:49:31.120 --> 00:49:31.600
I'd want

00:49:31.760 --> 00:49:35.360
to explore different areas on this and the honey bee nutrition

00:49:35.359 --> 00:49:37.760
You know, what comes first, a healthy bee or the Varroa

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:38.079
I

00:49:38.400 --> 00:49:38.560
all

00:49:38.720 --> 00:49:40.079
those discussions I think

00:49:40.240 --> 00:49:40.400
are

00:49:40.560 --> 00:49:41.680
things that we can talk about

00:49:41.839 --> 00:49:44.480
and I would enjoy talking those with you.

00:49:44.480 --> 00:49:48.160
So I hope you accept our invitation next time we invite you back.

00:49:48.160 --> 00:49:48.640
Always.

00:49:48.640 --> 00:49:49.040
Yeah.

00:49:49.040 --> 00:49:50.079
Thank you for asking me.

00:49:50.200 --> 00:49:51.400
I appreciate it.

00:49:51.400 --> 00:49:54.680
Oh, thank you so much.

00:49:54.680 --> 00:49:56.280
I'm glad we invited Gloria

00:49:56.440 --> 00:49:56.839
to the show.

00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:00.119
Climate change, nutrition, varroa.

00:50:00.240 --> 00:50:02.560
honey bees, what a mixture.

00:50:02.560 --> 00:50:05.280
Well, it's thirty-nine year career

00:50:05.920 --> 00:50:07.520
at the USDA

00:50:07.760 --> 00:50:08.080
plus

00:50:08.820 --> 00:50:12.340
to graduate degrees, there's a lot that Gloria

00:50:12.580 --> 00:50:14.020
has to share.

00:50:14.020 --> 00:50:17.300
I mean that perspective and that perspective that spans

00:50:17.460 --> 00:50:20.820
such change in the industry, including climate change

00:50:21.060 --> 00:50:21.940
impacting

00:50:22.120 --> 00:50:22.280
how

00:50:22.520 --> 00:50:23.560
beekeeping

00:50:23.800 --> 00:50:24.760
colonies

00:50:25.080 --> 00:50:25.720
manage

00:50:25.880 --> 00:50:27.400
their resources.

00:50:27.400 --> 00:50:28.760
It's pretty priceless.

00:50:29.080 --> 00:50:29.240
She

00:50:29.480 --> 00:50:34.520
talked about her mathematical model and going back to that and making changes and looking at

00:50:34.740 --> 00:50:38.420
the life of a colony through the year, wouldn't that be a great app?

00:50:38.420 --> 00:50:40.180
Well maybe or maybe not, because

00:50:40.340 --> 00:50:43.700
I always have hope for every colony regardless.

00:50:43.700 --> 00:50:44.020
So

00:50:44.540 --> 00:50:45.180
I don't know.

00:50:45.180 --> 00:50:46.940
I don't I don't think I want that out.

00:50:46.940 --> 00:50:48.460
But I always just smiled with

00:50:48.620 --> 00:50:48.780
d with

00:50:49.020 --> 00:50:49.260
with

00:50:49.420 --> 00:50:49.580
um

00:50:49.820 --> 00:50:53.660
going back and modeling it because I've read these papers before, the modeling papers

00:50:53.820 --> 00:50:54.140
and

00:50:53.900 --> 00:51:00.299
They're so important, but it's a special group of people who have that in their head and can get it out into

00:51:00.619 --> 00:51:01.339
into actual

00:51:01.500 --> 00:51:03.339
applicable work.

00:51:03.580 --> 00:51:07.740
And that about wraps it up for this episode of Beekeeping Today.

00:51:07.740 --> 00:51:12.780
Before we go, be sure to follow us and leave us a 5-star rating on Apple Podcast

00:51:13.020 --> 00:51:15.580
or wherever you stream the show.

00:51:15.220 --> 00:51:20.260
Even better, write a quick review to help other beekeepers discover what you enjoy.

00:51:20.260 --> 00:51:26.900
You can get there directly from our website by clicking on the reviews tab on the top of any page.

00:51:26.540 --> 00:51:31.580
We want to thank BetterBe, our presenting sponsor, for their ongoing support of the podcast.

00:51:31.580 --> 00:51:41.100
We also appreciate our longtime sponsors, Global Patties, Strong Microbials, and Northern Bee Books for their support in bringing you each week's episode.

00:51:40.840 --> 00:51:44.840
And most importantly, thank you for listening and spending time with us.

00:51:44.840 --> 00:51:49.240
If you have any questions or feedback, just head over to our website and drop us a note.

00:51:49.240 --> 00:51:50.600
We'd love to hear from you.

00:51:50.600 --> 00:51:52.520
Thanks again, everybody.